array.cpp

#include <iostream>
#include <string>
#include <vector>
using namespace std;

int main() {

    // ===================================================
    // 1. DECLARATION & ACCESSING ARRAYS (1D)
    // ===================================================
    // Fixed size container; index starts from 0
    cout << "=== 1. DECLARATION & ACCESSING ===" << endl;

    string cars[4] = {"Volvo", "BMW", "Ford", "Mazda"};
    int myNum[3] = {10, 20, 30};

    // Access element using index [0]
    cout << "First car: " << cars[0] << endl; // Outputs Volvo
    cout << "First num: " << myNum[0] << endl;


    // ===================================================
    // 2. LOOPING THROUGH ARRAYS
    // ===================================================
    cout << "\n=== 2. LOOPING THROUGH ARRAYS ===" << endl;

    string vehicles[5] = {"Volvo", "BMW", "Ford", "Mazda", "Tesla"};

    // Standard For Loop
    for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
        cout << i << " = " << vehicles[i] << "\n";
    }

    // For-Each Loop (C++11 Range-based)
    cout << "\nFor-Each Loop:" << endl;
    for (string car : vehicles) {
        cout << car << "\n";
    }


    // ===================================================
    // 3. OMIT SIZE / ELEMENTS & ARRAY SIZE (sizeof)
    // ===================================================
    cout << "\n=== 3. ARRAY SIZE & sizeof ===" << endl;

    // Omitting array size (compiler infers size)
    string autoCars[] = {"Volvo", "BMW", "Ford"}; 

    // Declare size first, assign values later
    string dynamicAssign[5];
    dynamicAssign[0] = "Volvo";
    dynamicAssign[1] = "BMW";

    // Get number of elements using sizeof()
    int numbers[5] = {10, 20, 30, 40, 50};
    int getArrayLength = sizeof(numbers) / sizeof(numbers[0]); // 20 bytes / 4 bytes = 5 elements
    cout << "Array Length: " << getArrayLength << endl;

    // Loop dynamically using calculated length
    for (int i = 0; i < getArrayLength; i++) {
        cout << numbers[i] << " ";
    }
    cout << endl;


    // ===================================================
    // 4. REAL-LIFE EXAMPLES (AVERAGE & LOWEST VALUE)
    // ===================================================
    cout << "\n=== 4. REAL-LIFE PRACTICES ===" << endl;

    int ages[8] = {20, 22, 18, 35, 48, 26, 87, 70};
    float sum = 0;
    int length = sizeof(ages) / sizeof(ages[0]);

    // Average Calculation
    for (int age : ages) {
        sum += age;
    }
    float avg = sum / length;
    cout << "Average age is: " << avg << endl;

    // Find Lowest Value
    int lowestAge = ages[0];
    for (int age : ages) {
        if (lowestAge > age) {
            lowestAge = age;
        }
    }
    cout << "Lowest age is: " << lowestAge << endl;


    // ===================================================
    // 5. MULTI-DIMENSIONAL ARRAYS (2D & 3D)
    // ===================================================
    cout << "\n=== 5. MULTI-DIMENSIONAL ARRAYS ===" << endl;

    // 2D Array [rows][columns]
    string letters[2][4] = {
        {"A", "B", "C", "D"},
        {"E", "F", "G", "H"}
    };

    cout << "Element at [0][2]: " << letters[0][2] << endl; // Outputs "C"

    // Nested loop for 2D Array
    cout << "\nPrinting 2D Array Grid:" << endl;
    for (int i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
        for (int j = 0; j < 4; j++) {
            cout << letters[i][j] << " ";
        }
        cout << endl;
    }

    // 3D Array [blocks][rows][columns]
    string letters3D[2][2][2] = {
        { {"A", "B"}, {"C", "D"} },
        { {"E", "F"}, {"G", "H"} }
    };

    cout << "\nLooping 3D Array:" << endl;
    for (int i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
        for (int j = 0; j < 2; j++) {
            for (int k = 0; k < 2; k++) {
                cout << letters3D[i][j][k] << " ";
            }
        }
    }
    cout << endl;


    // ===================================================
    // 6. FIXED SIZE (ARRAY) VS DYNAMIC SIZE (VECTOR)
    // ===================================================
    cout << "\n=== 6. VECTOR (DYNAMIC ARRAY) ===" << endl;

    // Array biasa ukurannya kaku (Fixed Size). Vector ukurannya fleksibel (Dynamic).
    vector<string> vectorCars = {"Volvo", "BMW", "Ford"};
    vectorCars.push_back("Tesla"); // Adds "Tesla" at the end dynamically

    for (string vCar : vectorCars) {
        cout << vCar << " ";
    }
    cout << endl;

    return 0;
}