diff --git a/machine_learning/dbscan.py b/machine_learning/dbscan.py
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+"""
+DBSCAN (Density-Based Spatial Clustering of Applications with Noise)
+
+A density-based clustering algorithm that groups together points that are
+closely packed together, while marking points in low-density regions as outliers.
+
+Unlike K-Means, DBSCAN:
+- Does NOT require specifying the number of clusters in advance
+- Can find clusters of arbitrary shapes
+- Is robust to outliers (labels them as noise, cluster id = -1)
+
+Key Parameters:
+    epsilon (eps): The maximum distance between two points to be considered neighbors
+    min_points: Minimum number of points to form a dense region (core point)
+
+Point Types:
+    - Core point:    Has at least `min_points` neighbors within `epsilon` distance
+    - Border point:  Within `epsilon` of a core point, but has fewer than
+                     `min_points` neighbors
+    - Noise point:   Neither core nor border — labeled as -1
+
+Time Complexity:  O(n²) with brute-force neighbor search
+Space Complexity: O(n)
+
+References:
+    - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DBSCAN
+    - Ester, M., et al. "A density-based algorithm for discovering clusters."
+      KDD 1996. https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.5555/3001460.3001507
+"""
+
+
+def euclidean_distance(point_a: list[float], point_b: list[float]) -> float:
+    """
+    Compute the Euclidean distance between two points in n-dimensional space.
+
+    >>> euclidean_distance([0.0, 0.0], [3.0, 4.0])
+    5.0
+    >>> euclidean_distance([1.0, 2.0, 3.0], [1.0, 2.0, 3.0])
+    0.0
+    >>> euclidean_distance([0.0], [5.0])
+    5.0
+    >>> euclidean_distance([0.0, 0.0], [1.0])
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+    ValueError: Both points must have the same number of dimensions.
+    """
+    if len(point_a) != len(point_b):
+        raise ValueError("Both points must have the same number of dimensions.")
+    return sum((a - b) ** 2 for a, b in zip(point_a, point_b)) ** 0.5
+
+
+def get_neighbors(
+    data: list[list[float]], point_index: int, epsilon: float
+) -> list[int]:
+    """
+    Return indices of all points within epsilon distance of data[point_index].
+
+    >>> data = [[0.0, 0.0], [0.1, 0.1], [5.0, 5.0]]
+    >>> get_neighbors(data, 0, 0.5)
+    [0, 1]
+    >>> get_neighbors(data, 2, 0.5)
+    [2]
+    >>> get_neighbors(data, 0, 10.0)
+    [0, 1, 2]
+    """
+    return [
+        index
+        for index, point in enumerate(data)
+        if euclidean_distance(data[point_index], point) <= epsilon
+    ]
+
+
+def dbscan(
+    data: list[list[float]],
+    epsilon: float,
+    min_points: int,
+) -> list[int]:
+    """
+    Perform DBSCAN clustering on a dataset.
+
+    Args:
+        data:       List of n-dimensional data points, e.g. [[x1,y1], [x2,y2], ...]
+        epsilon:    Maximum distance between two points to be considered neighbors.
+                    Must be greater than 0.
+        min_points: Minimum number of neighbors (including self) to be a core point.
+                    Must be at least 1.
+
+    Returns:
+        A list of integer cluster labels, one per input point.
+        Noise points are labeled -1.
+        Cluster IDs start from 0.
+
+    Raises:
+        ValueError: If data is empty.
+        ValueError: If epsilon is not positive.
+        ValueError: If min_points is less than 1.
+
+    Example — two well-separated clusters:
+    >>> data = [
+    ...     [1.0, 1.0], [1.1, 1.0], [1.0, 1.1],
+    ...     [9.0, 9.0], [9.1, 9.0], [9.0, 9.1],
+    ... ]
+    >>> labels = dbscan(data, epsilon=0.5, min_points=2)
+    >>> len(set(labels))  # two clusters
+    2
+    >>> labels[0] == labels[1] == labels[2]  # first three in same cluster
+    True
+    >>> labels[3] == labels[4] == labels[5]  # last three in same cluster
+    True
+    >>> labels[0] != labels[3]               # different clusters
+    True
+
+    Example — isolated noise point:
+    >>> data = [[0.0, 0.0], [0.1, 0.0], [0.0, 0.1], [99.0, 99.0]]
+    >>> labels = dbscan(data, epsilon=0.5, min_points=2)
+    >>> labels[3]  # noise
+    -1
+    >>> labels[0] == labels[1] == labels[2]  # one cluster
+    True
+
+    Example — all points are noise (min_points too high):
+    >>> data = [[0.0, 0.0], [5.0, 5.0]]
+    >>> dbscan(data, epsilon=0.3, min_points=5)
+    [-1, -1]
+
+    Example — single cluster (all points close together):
+    >>> data = [[0.0, 0.0], [0.1, 0.0], [0.0, 0.1], [0.1, 0.1]]
+    >>> labels = dbscan(data, epsilon=0.5, min_points=2)
+    >>> len(set(labels))
+    1
+    >>> -1 not in labels
+    True
+
+    Example — invalid inputs:
+    >>> dbscan([], epsilon=0.5, min_points=2)
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+    ValueError: Data must not be empty.
+    >>> dbscan([[1.0, 2.0]], epsilon=0.0, min_points=2)
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+    ValueError: Epsilon must be greater than 0.
+    >>> dbscan([[1.0, 2.0]], epsilon=0.5, min_points=0)
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+    ValueError: min_points must be at least 1.
+    """
+    if not data:
+        raise ValueError("Data must not be empty.")
+    if epsilon <= 0:
+        raise ValueError("Epsilon must be greater than 0.")
+    if min_points < 1:
+        raise ValueError("min_points must be at least 1.")
+
+    labels = [-1] * len(data)  # all points start as noise
+    current_cluster_id = 0
+
+    for point_index in range(len(data)):
+        if labels[point_index] != -1:
+            continue  # already assigned
+
+        neighbors = get_neighbors(data, point_index, epsilon)
+
+        if len(neighbors) < min_points:
+            continue  # not a core point — remains noise for now
+
+        # point_index is a core point — start a new cluster
+        labels[point_index] = current_cluster_id
+        seeds = [n for n in neighbors if n != point_index]
+
+        while seeds:
+            current_point = seeds.pop()
+
+            # skip points already claimed by a different cluster
+            if (
+                labels[current_point] != -1
+                and labels[current_point] != current_cluster_id
+            ):
+                continue
+
+            # assign noise points and unvisited points to this cluster
+            labels[current_point] = current_cluster_id
+            current_neighbors = get_neighbors(data, current_point, epsilon)
+
+            if len(current_neighbors) >= min_points:
+                # current_point is also a core point — expand cluster
+                for neighbor in current_neighbors:
+                    if labels[neighbor] == -1:
+                        seeds.append(neighbor)
+
+        current_cluster_id += 1
+
+    return labels
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    import doctest
+
+    doctest.testmod(verbose=True)