diff --git a/src/common/tests_dmg_helpers.c b/src/common/tests_dmg_helpers.c
index a315cb9a325..7e688514812 100644
--- a/src/common/tests_dmg_helpers.c
+++ b/src/common/tests_dmg_helpers.c
@@ -825,6 +825,14 @@ dmg_pool_create(const char *dmg_config_file,
 			if (args == NULL)
 				D_GOTO(out, rc = -DER_NOMEM);
 		}
+
+		entry = daos_prop_entry_get(prop, DAOS_PROP_PO_SVC_REDUN_FAC);
+		if (entry != NULL) {
+			args = cmd_push_arg(args, &argcount, "--properties=svc_rf:%zu ",
+					    entry->dpe_val);
+			if (args == NULL)
+				D_GOTO(out, rc = -DER_NOMEM);
+		}
 	}
 
 	/* Temporarily use old pool property defaults due to DAOS-17946 */
diff --git a/src/include/daos/common.h b/src/include/daos/common.h
index e8e9b792238..c32b65a77cd 100644
--- a/src/include/daos/common.h
+++ b/src/include/daos/common.h
@@ -793,6 +793,7 @@ enum {
 
 #define DAOS_RDB_SKIP_APPENDENTRIES_FAIL (DAOS_FAIL_UNIT_TEST_GROUP_LOC | 0x1a)
 #define DAOS_FORCE_REFRESH_POOL_MAP	  (DAOS_FAIL_UNIT_TEST_GROUP_LOC | 0x1b)
+#define DAOS_RDB_FAIL_MODIFY_REPLICAS     (DAOS_FAIL_UNIT_TEST_GROUP_LOC | 0x1c)
 
 #define DAOS_FORCE_CAPA_FETCH		(DAOS_FAIL_UNIT_TEST_GROUP_LOC | 0x1e)
 #define DAOS_FORCE_PROP_VERIFY		(DAOS_FAIL_UNIT_TEST_GROUP_LOC | 0x1f)
diff --git a/src/rdb/rdb.c b/src/rdb/rdb.c
index d40fb39d758..13c9c25469d 100644
--- a/src/rdb/rdb.c
+++ b/src/rdb/rdb.c
@@ -799,7 +799,12 @@ rdb_alloc_replica_gen(struct rdb *db, uint64_t term, uint32_t *gen_out)
 }
 
 /**
- * Modify \a replicas.
+ * Perform \a op on \a replicas in the membership.
+ *
+ * Note that when \a op is RDB_REPLICA_ADD, even if this function returns an
+ * error, one of \a replicas [out] may have been added to the local membership.
+ * The caller must check the local membership before destroying \a replicas
+ * [out].
  *
  * \param[in]		db		database
  * \param[in]		op		operation to perform
@@ -838,9 +843,12 @@ rdb_modify_replicas(struct rdb *db, enum rdb_replica_op op, rdb_replica_id_t *re
 	}
 	for (i = 0; i < *replicas_len; ++i) {
 		rc = rdb_raft_append_apply_cfg(db, type, replicas[i]);
+		if (rc == 0 && DAOS_FAIL_CHECK(DAOS_RDB_FAIL_MODIFY_REPLICAS))
+			rc = -DER_NOTLEADER;
 		if (rc != 0) {
-			DL_ERROR(rc, DF_DB ": failed to do op %d on replica " RDB_F_RID, DP_DB(db),
-				 op, RDB_P_RID(replicas[i]));
+			DL_CDEBUG(rc == -DER_NOTLEADER, DLOG_INFO, DLOG_ERR, rc,
+				  DF_DB ": failed to do op %d on replica " RDB_F_RID, DP_DB(db), op,
+				  RDB_P_RID(replicas[i]));
 			break;
 		}
 	}
diff --git a/src/rsvc/srv.c b/src/rsvc/srv.c
index 6cedab28ba8..218202500dc 100644
--- a/src/rsvc/srv.c
+++ b/src/rsvc/srv.c
@@ -1237,8 +1237,25 @@ ds_rsvc_add_replicas_s(struct ds_rsvc *svc, d_rank_list_t *ranks, size_t size,
 
 		rc = rdb_modify_replicas(svc->s_db, RDB_REPLICA_ADD, &id, &ids_len);
 		if (rc != 0) {
-			ds_rsvc_dist_stop(svc->s_class, &svc->s_id, &rl, NULL, svc->s_term,
-					  true /* destroy */);
+			rdb_replica_id_t *replicas;
+			int               replicas_len;
+			int               rc_tmp;
+
+			/*
+			 * If this new replica has been added to the local membership, we can't
+			 * destroy it.
+			 */
+			rc_tmp = rdb_get_replicas(svc->s_db, &replicas, &replicas_len);
+			if (rc_tmp == 0) {
+				int j;
+
+				for (j = 0; j < replicas_len; j++)
+					if (rdb_replica_id_compare(replicas[j], id) == 0)
+						break;
+				if (j == replicas_len)
+					ds_rsvc_dist_stop(svc->s_class, &svc->s_id, &rl, NULL,
+							  svc->s_term, true /* destroy */);
+			}
 			break;
 		}
 	}
diff --git a/src/tests/ftest/daos_test/suite.yaml b/src/tests/ftest/daos_test/suite.yaml
index dac9e11dfef..0a98fd16f0a 100644
--- a/src/tests/ftest/daos_test/suite.yaml
+++ b/src/tests/ftest/daos_test/suite.yaml
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ timeout: 600
 timeouts:
   test_daos_degraded_mode: 450
   test_daos_management: 110
-  test_daos_pool: 240
+  test_daos_pool: 300
   test_daos_container: 700
   test_daos_epoch: 125
   test_daos_verify_consistency: 105
diff --git a/src/tests/suite/daos_pool.c b/src/tests/suite/daos_pool.c
index 22ebae915e1..354b1117aa2 100644
--- a/src/tests/suite/daos_pool.c
+++ b/src/tests/suite/daos_pool.c
@@ -2313,45 +2313,107 @@ pool_map_refreshes_fallback(void **state)
 	pool_map_refreshes_common(state, true /* fall_back */);
 }
 
+/*
+ * A reconfiguration interrupted by a -DER_NOTLEADER should not destroy the new
+ * replica who may have been added to the leader's local membership.
+ */
+static void
+reconf_notleader_handling(void **state)
+{
+	test_arg_t      *arg0 = *state;
+	test_arg_t      *arg  = NULL;
+	daos_prop_t     *prop;
+	daos_pool_info_t pinfo       = {0};
+	d_rank_t         extend_rank = 1;
+	uuid_t           cont_uuid;
+	int              rc;
+
+	FAULT_INJECTION_REQUIRED();
+
+	par_barrier(PAR_COMM_WORLD);
+
+	if (arg0->myrank == 0) {
+		rc = test_pool_get_info(arg0, &pinfo, NULL);
+		assert_rc_equal(rc, 0);
+		if (pinfo.pi_nnodes < 2) {
+			print_message("need at least 2 ranks\n");
+			skip();
+		}
+	}
+
+	if (arg0->myrank != 0)
+		return;
+
+	/* Create a pool on rank 0 only, with svc_rf = 1. */
+	rc = test_setup((void **)&arg, SETUP_EQ, false /* multi_rank */, SMALL_POOL_SIZE,
+			1 /* node_size */, NULL);
+	assert_rc_equal(rc, 0);
+	prop = daos_prop_alloc(1);
+	assert_ptr_not_equal(prop, NULL);
+	prop->dpp_entries[0].dpe_type = DAOS_PROP_PO_SVC_REDUN_FAC;
+	prop->dpp_entries[0].dpe_val  = 1;
+	while (!rc && arg->setup_state != SETUP_POOL_CONNECT)
+		rc = test_setup_next_step((void **)&arg, NULL, prop, NULL);
+	assert_rc_equal(rc, 0);
+	daos_prop_free(prop);
+
+	/* Inject fault on rank 0 (the only PS leader). */
+	test_set_engine_fail_loc(arg, 0 /* rank */, DAOS_RDB_FAIL_MODIFY_REPLICAS | DAOS_FAIL_ONCE);
+
+	/*
+	 * Extend the pool to rank 1, and wait for the rank to become UPIN,
+	 * triggering ds_rsvc_add_replicas_s, which used to destroy the new PS
+	 * replica on rank 1 incorrectly, even though it has been added to the
+	 * leader's local membership.
+	 */
+	print_message("extending pool to rank %u\n", extend_rank);
+	rc = dmg_pool_extend(arg->dmg_config, arg->pool.pool_uuid, arg->group, &extend_rank, 1);
+	assert_rc_equal(rc, 0);
+	print_message("waiting for rebuild to complete\n");
+	test_rebuild_wait(&arg, 1);
+
+	print_message("wait 5 s for the PS to reconfigure\n");
+	sleep(5);
+
+	print_message("creating a container\n");
+	rc = daos_cont_create(arg->pool.poh, &cont_uuid, NULL /* prop */, NULL /* ev */);
+	assert_rc_equal(rc, 0);
+
+	print_message("cleaning up\n");
+	test_teardown((void **)&arg);
+}
+
 static const struct CMUnitTest pool_tests[] = {
-	{ "POOL1: connect to non-existing pool",
-	  pool_connect_nonexist, NULL, test_case_teardown},
-	{ "POOL2: connect/disconnect to pool",
-	  pool_connect, async_disable, test_case_teardown},
-	{ "POOL3: connect/disconnect to pool (async)",
-	  pool_connect, async_enable, test_case_teardown},
-	{ "POOL4: pool handle local2global and global2local",
-	  pool_connect, hdl_share_enable, test_case_teardown},
-	{ "POOL5: exclusive connection",
-	  pool_connect_exclusively, NULL, test_case_teardown},
-	{ "POOL6: exclude targets and query pool info",
-	  pool_exclude, async_disable, NULL},
-	{ "POOL7: set/get/list user-defined pool attributes (sync)",
-	  pool_attribute, NULL, test_case_teardown},
-	{ "POOL8: set/get/list user-defined pool attributes (async)",
-	  pool_attribute, NULL, test_case_teardown},
-	{ "POOL9: pool reconnect after daos re-init",
-	  init_fini_conn, NULL, test_case_teardown},
-	{ "POOL10: pool create with properties and query",
-	  pool_properties, NULL, test_case_teardown},
-	{ "POOL11: pool list containers (zero)",
-	  list_containers_test, setup_zerocontainers, teardown_containers},
-	{ "POOL12: pool list containers (many)",
-	  list_containers_test, setup_manycontainers, teardown_containers},
-	{ "POOL13: retry POOL_{CONNECT,DISCONNECT,QUERY}",
-	  pool_op_retry, NULL, test_case_teardown},
-	{ "POOL14: pool connect access based on ACL",
-	  pool_connect_access, NULL, test_case_teardown},
-	{ "POOL15: label property string validation",
-	  label_strings_test, NULL, test_case_teardown},
-	{ "POOL16: pool map refreshes",
-	  pool_map_refreshes, pool_map_refreshes_setup, test_case_teardown},
-	{ "POOL17: pool map refreshes (fallback)",
-	  pool_map_refreshes_fallback, pool_map_refreshes_setup, test_case_teardown},
-	{ "POOL18: pool filter containers (zero)",
-	  filter_containers_test, setup_zerocontainers, teardown_containers},
-	{ "POOL19: pool filter containers (many)",
-	  filter_containers_test, setup_manycontainers, teardown_containers},
+    {"POOL1: connect to non-existing pool", pool_connect_nonexist, NULL, test_case_teardown},
+    {"POOL2: connect/disconnect to pool", pool_connect, async_disable, test_case_teardown},
+    {"POOL3: connect/disconnect to pool (async)", pool_connect, async_enable, test_case_teardown},
+    {"POOL4: pool handle local2global and global2local", pool_connect, hdl_share_enable,
+     test_case_teardown},
+    {"POOL5: exclusive connection", pool_connect_exclusively, NULL, test_case_teardown},
+    {"POOL6: exclude targets and query pool info", pool_exclude, async_disable, NULL},
+    {"POOL7: set/get/list user-defined pool attributes (sync)", pool_attribute, NULL,
+     test_case_teardown},
+    {"POOL8: set/get/list user-defined pool attributes (async)", pool_attribute, NULL,
+     test_case_teardown},
+    {"POOL9: pool reconnect after daos re-init", init_fini_conn, NULL, test_case_teardown},
+    {"POOL10: pool create with properties and query", pool_properties, NULL, test_case_teardown},
+    {"POOL11: pool list containers (zero)", list_containers_test, setup_zerocontainers,
+     teardown_containers},
+    {"POOL12: pool list containers (many)", list_containers_test, setup_manycontainers,
+     teardown_containers},
+    {"POOL13: retry POOL_{CONNECT,DISCONNECT,QUERY}", pool_op_retry, NULL, test_case_teardown},
+    {"POOL14: pool connect access based on ACL", pool_connect_access, NULL, test_case_teardown},
+    {"POOL15: label property string validation", label_strings_test, NULL, test_case_teardown},
+    {"POOL16: pool map refreshes", pool_map_refreshes, pool_map_refreshes_setup,
+     test_case_teardown},
+    {"POOL17: pool map refreshes (fallback)", pool_map_refreshes_fallback, pool_map_refreshes_setup,
+     test_case_teardown},
+    {"POOL18: pool filter containers (zero)", filter_containers_test, setup_zerocontainers,
+     teardown_containers},
+    {"POOL19: pool filter containers (many)", filter_containers_test, setup_manycontainers,
+     teardown_containers},
+    {"POOL20: reconf interrupted by -DER_NOTLEADER", reconf_notleader_handling, NULL,
+     test_case_teardown},
 };
 
 int