diff --git a/CHANGES b/CHANGES
index fcab1798..090b3539 100644
--- a/CHANGES
+++ b/CHANGES
@@ -7,6 +7,9 @@ Unreleased
   This also applies to headers returned by callbacks.
 * Fixed ``urlencoded_params_matcher`` rejecting matching form data supplied
   as bytes or a binary file-like object.
+* Fixed ``urlencoded_params_matcher`` accepting, under ``strict_match``, a
+  request body with repeated keys that the params dict cannot represent (for
+  example ``a=1&a=2`` against ``{"a": "2"}``).
 * Added ``responses.CallbackRequest`` so callback and matcher annotations can
   include the ``params`` and ``req_kwargs`` attributes added by ``responses``.
 * Fixed non-strict `json_params_matcher` raising `TypeError` when an actual
diff --git a/responses/matchers.py b/responses/matchers.py
index 15df1884..e4db9aca 100644
--- a/responses/matchers.py
+++ b/responses/matchers.py
@@ -94,11 +94,28 @@ def match(request: PreparedRequest) -> Tuple[bool, str]:
         if not params and request_body:
             valid = False
 
+        # `dict(parse_qsl(...))` above collapses repeated keys (last value wins),
+        # so a strict match would otherwise accept a body carrying data the dict
+        # params cannot represent (e.g. body "a=1&a=2" against {"a": "2"}).
+        repeated_keys = bool(
+            strict_match
+            and request_body
+            and len(parse_qsl(request_body, keep_blank_values=allow_blank))
+            != len(qsl_body)
+        )
+        if repeated_keys:
+            valid = False
+
         if not valid:
             reason = (
                 f"request.body doesn't match: {qsl_body} doesn't match {match_params}"
             )
-            if strict_match:
+            if repeated_keys:
+                reason += (
+                    "\nNote: the request body has repeated keys that a strict "
+                    "dict match cannot represent."
+                )
+            elif strict_match:
                 reason += (
                     "\nNote: You're using strict parameter check. "
                     "To try a partial match, use strict_match=False"
diff --git a/responses/tests/test_matchers.py b/responses/tests/test_matchers.py
index 4f67810c..18770a3f 100644
--- a/responses/tests/test_matchers.py
+++ b/responses/tests/test_matchers.py
@@ -447,6 +447,33 @@ def run():
     assert_reset()
 
 
+def test_urlencoded_params_matcher_strict_repeated_keys():
+    """Strict matching must reject a body with repeated keys the params dict
+    cannot represent (e.g. body "a=1&a=2" against {"a": "2"})."""
+
+    @responses.activate
+    def run():
+        responses.add(
+            method=responses.POST,
+            url="http://example.com/",
+            body="body1",
+            match=[matchers.urlencoded_params_matcher({"a": "2"})],
+        )
+
+        # data as a list of pairs encodes to "a=1&a=2"; the stray a=1 must fail
+        with pytest.raises(ConnectionError) as excinfo:
+            requests.request(
+                "POST",
+                "http://example.com/",
+                headers={"Content-Type": "x-www-form-urlencoded"},
+                data=[("a", "1"), ("a", "2")],
+            )
+        assert "repeated keys" in str(excinfo.value)
+
+    run()
+    assert_reset()
+
+
 def test_query_params_numbers():
     @responses.activate
     def run():