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<!DOCTYPE HTML>
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<h2>Publications</h2>
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<a href="http://europepmc.org/authors/0000-0003-2875-451X" target="_blank">EBI Summary page</a> |
<a href="https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=2ZVv2v8AAAAJ&hl=en" target="_blank">Google Scholar</a> |
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Goff%2C+Loyal+%5BAuthor%5D+or+Goff%2C+Loyal+Andrew%5BAuthor%5D" target="_blank">Pubmed</a> |
<a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2875-451X" target="_blank">ORCHID: 0000-0003-2875-451X</a> |
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<p class="font-weight-bold">1. Conservation of Neuron-Astrocyte Correlated Activity in Developing Sensory Pathways. (2026)</p>
<p class="font-italic font-weight-light">Kellner V, Parker P, Heo D, Mi X, Coen M, Yu G, Saher G, <span class="font-weight-bold" style="font-size: 1.0rem"><u>Goff LA</u></span>, Bergles DE</p>
<p>Glia. 2026 May;74(5):e70141. doi: 10.1002/glia.70141. PMID: 41889203</p>
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<p>Neurons in developing sensory organs exhibit prolonged burst firing before the onset of sensory experience. This activity promotes neuronal survival and maturation in central sensory pathways. Within the auditory system, periodic bursts of synaptic glutamate release activate metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) on astrocytes, resulting in spatially and temporally correlated calcium transients; however, whether this phenomenon occurs in other sensory modalities is unknown. Using in vivo calcium imaging in the midbrain of awake mouse pups before eyelid opening, we show that retina wave-induced burst firing of visual afferents induces correlated waves of astrocyte activity in the superior colliculus (SC), a visual processing region. Glutamate sensor imaging revealed that each neuronal burst resulted in glutamate transients at astrocyte membranes in both developing sensory regions. Calcium transients in SC astrocytes resulted from activation of astrocytic mGluR5 and mGluR3, similar to astrocyte events in the nearby inferior colliculus (IC), which are induced by neuronal burst firing in the cochlea. Astrocyte calcium increased with each neuronal wave in the SC, but only the largest neuronal events triggered astrocyte responses in the IC. Astrocyte transcriptomic analysis suggested differential expression of mGluR3 and mGluR5 between these sensory regions, in accordance with the greater dependence on mGluR5 in IC astrocytes. Despite differences in receptor contribution and temporal features of activity, astrocytes in these different regions exhibited similar overall calcium activity. Thus, neuronal burst firing in developing sensory organs provides a conserved mechanism to synchronize neuronal and astrocyte activity in the brain at a critical stage of development.</p>
<a target="_blank" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/glia.70141 ">10.1002/glia.70141 </a>
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<p class="font-weight-bold">2. A cell fate specification and transition mechanism for human foveolar cone subtype patterning. (2026)</p>
<p class="font-italic font-weight-light">Hussey KA, Eldred KC, Guy B, Santiago CP, Zhang JS, Glass I, Reh TA, Blackshaw S, <span class="font-weight-bold" style="font-size: 1.0rem"><u>Goff LA</u></span>, Johnston RJ Jr</p>
<p>Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2026 Feb 17;123(7):e2510799123. doi: 10.1073/pnas.2510799123. Epub 2026 Feb 13. PMID: 41686445</p>
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<p>In the central region of the human retina, the high-acuity foveola is notable for its dense packing of green (M) and red (L) cones and absence of blue (S) cones. To identify mechanisms that pattern cones in the foveola, we examined human fetal retinas and differentiated retinal organoids. During development, sparse S-opsin-expressing cones are initially observed in the foveola. Later in fetal development, the foveola contains a mix of cones that either coexpress S- and M/L-opsins or exclusively express M/L-opsin. In adults, only M/L cones are present. Two signaling pathway regulators are highly and continuously expressed in the central retina: Cytochrome P450 26 subfamily A member 1 (CYP26A1), which degrades retinoic acid (RA) and Deiodinase 2 (DIO2), which promotes thyroid hormone (TH) signaling. Both CYP26A1 mutant organoids and high RA conditions increased the number of S cones and reduced the number of M/L cones in retinal organoids. In contrast, sustained TH signaling promoted the generation of M/L-opsin-expressing cones and induced M/L-opsin expression in S-opsin-expressing cones, showing that cone fate is plastic. Our data suggest that CYP26A1 degrades RA to specify M/L cones and limit S cones and that continuous DIO2 expression sustains high levels of TH to transition S-opsin-expressing cones into M/L cone fate, resulting in the foveola containing only M/L cones. Given the vulnerability of the foveola in macular degeneration and other retinal disorders, these findings provide a mechanistic framework for engineering organoids for therapeutic applications.</p>
<a target="_blank" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2510799123 ">10.1073/pnas.2510799123 </a>
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<p class="font-weight-bold">3. Rroid2 regulates effector-to-memory CD8(+) T cell differentiation during infection in vivo. (2025)</p>
<p class="font-italic font-weight-light">Erber J, Stecher C, Plajer V, Braun N, Mallard W, <span class="font-weight-bold" style="font-size: 1.0rem"><u>Goff LA</u></span>, Barozzi I, Mohr T, Rinn JL, Flavell RA, Herndler-Brandstetter D</p>
<p>Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2025 Dec 2;122(48):e2503450122. doi: 10.1073/pnas.2503450122. Epub 2025 Nov 24. PMID: 41284876</p>
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<p>CD8(+) T cell differentiation has been associated with changes in the expression of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs). Yet, which and how lncRNAs regulate CD8(+) T cell responses following infection in vivo remains incompletely understood. We performed deep RNA-seq to map the lncRNA expression landscape of CD8(+) T cell subsets during infection and generated lncRNA knockout mouse models to evaluate the in vivo relevance of six lncRNAs. We identified Rroid2 to regulate effector CD8(+) T cell function and effector-to-memory differentiation. Rroid2-deficient mice displayed increased CD44(dim) Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells while the development of other immune cells, such as natural killer cells, was not affected. In CD8(+) T cells, Rroid2 deficiency resulted in a fine-tuned downregulation of transcription factors Id2 and T-bet and impaired KLRG1(+) and KLRG1(-) effector CD8(+) T cell proliferation and cytotoxicity as well as effector-to-memory CD8(+) T cell differentiation. The human orthologue of Rroid2, LINC01814, is also upstream of the transcriptional regulator ID2 and is highly expressed in human memory CD8(+) T cells. Taken together, Rroid2 represents a key regulatory layer that controls CD8(+) T cell differentiation.</p>
<a target="_blank" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2503450122 ">10.1073/pnas.2503450122 </a>
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<p class="font-weight-bold">4. A consensus definition for deep layer 6 excitatory neurons in mouse somatosensory, visual, and motor cortex. (2025)</p>
<p class="font-italic font-weight-light">Kim SJ, Babola TA, Lee K, Spiegel AC, Lee K, Matney CJ, Liew MH, Schulteis EM, Coye AE, Proskurin M, Kang H, Kim JA, Chevee M, Lee J, Cabalinan AG, An SY, Bronckers SP, Kanold PO, <span class="font-weight-bold" style="font-size: 1.0rem"><u>Goff LA</u></span>, Kim J, Brown SP</p>
<p>Cell Rep. 2025 Sep 23;44(9):116167. doi: 10.1016/j.celrep.2025.116167. Epub 2025 Aug 21. PMID: 40844876</p>
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<p>To understand neocortical function, it is helpful to define cortical cell types. Recent studies indicate that neurons in the deepest cortical layer play roles in mediating thalamocortical interactions and modulating brain state and are implicated in neuropsychiatric disease. However, understanding the functions of deep layer 6 (layer 6b [L6b]) neurons has been hampered by the lack of agreed-upon definitions for these neuron types. We compared commonly used methods for defining L6b neurons, including molecular, transcriptional, and morphological approaches and transgenic mouse lines, and identified a core population of L6b neurons. This population does not innervate the thalamus, unlike layer 6 corticothalamic neurons (L6CThNs) in more superficial layer 6. Rather, single L6b neurons project ipsilaterally between cortical areas. Their intrinsic electrophysiological properties were stable after the first two postnatal weeks. The four methods we identify for defining L6b neurons enable comparisons across studies testing their contributions to cortical function.</p>
<a target="_blank" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2025.116167 ">10.1016/j.celrep.2025.116167 </a>
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<p class="font-weight-bold">5. mNSF: multi-sample non-negative spatial factorization. (2025)</p>
<p class="font-italic font-weight-light">Wang Y, Woyshner K, Sriworarat C, Stein-O'Brien G, <span class="font-weight-bold" style="font-size: 1.0rem"><u>Goff LA</u></span>, Hansen KD</p>
<p>Genome Biol. 2025 Jun 2;26(1):149. doi: 10.1186/s13059-025-03601-x. PMID: 40457480</p>
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<p>Analyzing multi-sample spatial transcriptomics data requires accounting for biological variation. We present multi-sample non-negative spatial factorization (mNSF), an alignment-free framework extending single-sample spatial factorization to multi-sample datasets. mNSF incorporates sample-specific spatial correlation modeling and extracts low-dimensional data representations. Through simulations and real data analysis, we demonstrate mNSF's efficacy in identifying true factors, shared anatomical regions, and region-specific biological functions. mNSF's performance is comparable to alignment-based methods when alignment is feasible, while enabling analysis in scenarios where spatial alignment is unfeasible. mNSF shows promise as a robust method for analyzing spatially resolved transcriptomics data across multiple samples.</p>
<a target="_blank" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13059-025-03601-x ">10.1186/s13059-025-03601-x </a>
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<p class="font-weight-bold">6. Regulation of translation elongation and integrated stress response in heat-shocked neurons. (2025)</p>
<p class="font-italic font-weight-light">Seluzicki CM, Razavi-Mohseni M, Turker F, Patel P, Hua B, Beer MA, <span class="font-weight-bold" style="font-size: 1.0rem"><u>Goff LA</u></span>, Margolis SS</p>
<p>Cell Rep. 2025 May 27;44(5):115639. doi: 10.1016/j.celrep.2025.115639. Epub 2025 Apr 24. PMID: 40286269</p>
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<p>Neurons deviate from a canonical heat shock response (HSR). Here, we revealed that neuronal adaptation to heat shock accompanies a brake on mRNA translation, slowed elongating ribosomes, phosphorylation of eukaryotic elongation factor-2 (p-eEF2), and suppressed the integrated stress response (ISR). Returning neurons to control temperature within 1 h of starting heat shock was necessary for survival and allowed for restored translation following dephosphorylation of eEF2. Subsequent to recovery, neurons briefly activated the ISR and were sensitive to the ISR inhibitor ISRIB, which enhanced protein synthesis and survival. Ribosome profiling and RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) identified newly synthesized and existing transcripts associated with ribosomes during heat shock. Preservation of these transcripts for translation during recovery was in part mediated by p-eEF2 and slowed ribosomes. Our work supports a neuronal heat shock model of a partially suspended state of translation poised for rapid reversal if recovery becomes an option and provides insight into regulation between the HSR and the ISR.</p>
<a target="_blank" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2025.115639 ">10.1016/j.celrep.2025.115639 </a>
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<p class="font-weight-bold">7. Transcriptional profiles of mouse oligodendrocyte precursor cells across the lifespan. (2025)</p>
<p class="font-italic font-weight-light">Heo D, Kim AA, Neumann B, Doze VN, Xu YKT, Mironova YA, Slosberg J, <span class="font-weight-bold" style="font-size: 1.0rem"><u>Goff LA</u></span>, Franklin RJM, Bergles DE</p>
<p>Nat Aging. 2025 Apr;5(4):675-690. doi: 10.1038/s43587-025-00840-2. Epub 2025 Mar 31. PMID: 40164771</p>
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<p>Oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) are highly dynamic, widely distributed glial cells of the central nervous system responsible for generating myelinating oligodendrocytes throughout life. However, the rates of OPC proliferation and differentiation decline dramatically with aging, which may impair homeostasis, remyelination and adaptive myelination during learning. To determine how aging influences OPCs, we generated a transgenic mouse line (Matn4-mEGFP) and performed single-cell RNA sequencing, providing enhanced resolution of transcriptional changes during key transitions from quiescence to proliferation and differentiation across the lifespan. We found that aging induces distinct transcriptomic changes in OPCs in different states, including enhanced activation of HIF-1alpha and WNT pathways. Pharmacological inhibition of these pathways in aged OPCs was sufficient to increase their ability to differentiate in vitro. Ultimately, Matn4-mEGFP mouse line and the sequencing dataset of cortical OPCs across ages will help to define the molecular changes guiding OPC behavior in various physiological and pathological contexts.</p>
<a target="_blank" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s43587-025-00840-2 ">10.1038/s43587-025-00840-2 </a>
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<p class="font-weight-bold">8. Retinal ganglion cell-derived semaphorin 6A segregates starburst amacrine cell dendritic scaffolds to organize the mouse inner retina. (2024)</p>
<p class="font-italic font-weight-light">James RE, Hamilton NR, Huffman LN, Brown MP, Neckles VN, Pasterkamp RJ, <span class="font-weight-bold" style="font-size: 1.0rem"><u>Goff LA</u></span>, Kolodkin AL</p>
<p>Development. 2024 Nov 15;151(22):dev204293. doi: 10.1242/dev.204293. Epub 2024 Nov 26. PMID: 39495936</p>
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<p>To form functional circuits, neurons must settle in their appropriate cellular locations, and then project and elaborate neurites to contact their target synaptic neuropils. Laminar organization within the vertebrate retinal inner plexiform layer (IPL) facilitates pre- and postsynaptic neurite targeting, yet the precise mechanisms underlying establishment of functional IPL subdomains are not well understood. Here, we explore mechanisms defining the compartmentalization of OFF and ON neurites generally, and OFF and ON direction-selective neurites specifically, within the developing mouse IPL. We show that semaphorin 6A (Sema6A), a repulsive axon guidance cue, is required for delineation of OFF versus ON circuits within the IPL: in the Sema6a null IPL, the boundary between OFF and ON domains is blurred. Furthermore, Sema6A expressed by retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) directs laminar segregation of OFF and ON starburst amacrine cell dendritic scaffolds, which themselves serve as a substrate upon which other retinal neurites elaborate. These results demonstrate that RGCs, the first type of neuron born within the retina, play an active role in functional specialization of the IPL.</p>
<a target="_blank" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.204293 ">10.1242/dev.204293 </a>
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<p class="font-weight-bold">9. Conserved transcriptional regulation by BRN1 and BRN2 in neocortical progenitors drives mammalian neural specification and neocortical expansion. (2024)</p>
<p class="font-italic font-weight-light">Barao S, Xu Y, Llongueras JP, Vistein R, <span class="font-weight-bold" style="font-size: 1.0rem"><u>Goff LA</u></span>, Nielsen KJ, Bae BI, Smith RS, Walsh CA, Stein-O'Brien G, Muller U</p>
<p>Nat Commun. 2024 Sep 14;15(1):8043. doi: 10.1038/s41467-024-52443-x. PMID: 39271675</p>
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<p>The neocortex varies in size and complexity among mammals due to the tremendous variability in the number and diversity of neuronal subtypes across species. The increased cellular diversity is paralleled by the expansion of the pool of neocortical progenitors and the emergence of indirect neurogenesis during brain evolution. The molecular pathways that control these biological processes and are disrupted in neurological disorders remain largely unknown. Here we show that the transcription factors BRN1 and BRN2 have an evolutionary conserved function in neocortical progenitors to control their proliferative capacity and the switch from direct to indirect neurogenesis. Functional studies in mice and ferrets show that BRN1/2 act in concert with NOTCH and primary microcephaly genes to regulate progenitor behavior. Analysis of transcriptomics data from genetically modified macaques provides evidence that these molecular pathways are conserved in non-human primates. Our findings thus demonstrate that BRN1/2 are central regulators of gene expression programs in neocortical progenitors critical to determine brain size during evolution.</p>
<a target="_blank" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-52443-x ">10.1038/s41467-024-52443-x </a>
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<p class="font-weight-bold">10. Establishment of a conditionally reprogrammed primary eccrine sweat gland culture for evaluation of tissue-specific CFTR function. (2024)</p>
<p class="font-italic font-weight-light">Eastman AC, Rosson G, Kim N, Kang S, Raraigh K, <span class="font-weight-bold" style="font-size: 1.0rem"><u>Goff LA</u></span>, Merlo C, Lechtzin N, Cutting GR, Sharma N</p>
<p>J Cyst Fibros. 2024 Nov;23(6):1173-1179. doi: 10.1016/j.jcf.2024.06.013. Epub 2024 Jul 4. PMID: 38969603</p>
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<p>BACKGROUND: Sweat chloride concentration is used both for CF diagnosis and for tracking CFTR modulator efficacy over time, but the relationship between sweat chloride and lung health is heterogeneous and informed by CFTR genotype. Here, we endeavored to characterize ion transport in eccrine sweat glands (ESGs). METHODS: First, ESGs were microdissected from a non-CF skin donor to analyze individual glands. We established primary cultures of ESG cells via conditional reprogramming for functional testing of ion transport by short circuit current measurement and examined cell composition by single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) comparing with whole dissociated ESGs. Secondly, we cultured nasal epithelial (NE) cells and ESGs from two people with CF (pwCF) to assess modulator efficacy. Finally, NEs and ESGs were grown from one person with the CFTR genotype F312del/F508del to explore genotype-phenotype heterogeneity. RESULTS: ESG primary cells from individuals without CF demonstrated robust ENaC and CFTR function. scRNA-seq demonstrated both secretory and ductal ESG markers in cultured ESG cells. In both NEs and ESGs from pwCF homozygous for F508del, minimal baseline CFTR function was observed, and treatment with CFTR modulators significantly enhanced function. Notably, NEs from an individual bearing F312del/F508del exhibited significant baseline CFTR function, whereas ESGs from the same person displayed minimal CFTR function, consistent with observed phenotype. CONCLUSIONS: This study has established a novel primary culture technique for ESGs that allows for functional ion transport measurement to assess modulator efficacy and evaluate genotype-phenoytpe heterogeneity. To our knowledge, this is the first reported application of conditional reprogramming and scRNA-seq of microdissected ESGs.</p>
<a target="_blank" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcf.2024.06.013 ">10.1016/j.jcf.2024.06.013 </a>
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<p class="font-weight-bold">11. Age-associated changes in lineage composition of the enteric nervous system regulate gut health and disease. (2023)</p>
<p class="font-italic font-weight-light">Kulkarni S, Saha M, Slosberg J, Singh A, Nagaraj S, Becker L, Zhang C, Bukowski A, Wang Z, Liu G, Leser JM, Kumar M, Bakhshi S, Anderson MJ, Lewandoski M, Vincent E, <span class="font-weight-bold" style="font-size: 1.0rem"><u>Goff LA</u></span>, Pasricha PJ</p>
<p>Elife. 2023 Dec 18;12:RP88051. doi: 10.7554/eLife.88051. PMID: 38108810</p>
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<p>The enteric nervous system (ENS), a collection of neural cells contained in the wall of the gut, is of fundamental importance to gastrointestinal and systemic health. According to the prevailing paradigm, the ENS arises from progenitor cells migrating from the neural crest and remains largely unchanged thereafter. Here, we show that the lineage composition of maturing ENS changes with time, with a decline in the canonical lineage of neural-crest derived neurons and their replacement by a newly identified lineage of mesoderm-derived neurons. Single cell transcriptomics and immunochemical approaches establish a distinct expression profile of mesoderm-derived neurons. The dynamic balance between the proportions of neurons from these two different lineages in the post-natal gut is dependent on the availability of their respective trophic signals, GDNF-RET and HGF-MET. With increasing age, the mesoderm-derived neurons become the dominant form of neurons in the ENS, a change associated with significant functional effects on intestinal motility which can be reversed by GDNF supplementation. Transcriptomic analyses of human gut tissues show reduced GDNF-RET signaling in patients with intestinal dysmotility which is associated with reduction in neural crest-derived neuronal markers and concomitant increase in transcriptional patterns specific to mesoderm-derived neurons. Normal intestinal function in the adult gastrointestinal tract therefore appears to require an optimal balance between these two distinct lineages within the ENS.</p>
<a target="_blank" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.88051 ">10.7554/eLife.88051 </a>
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<p class="font-weight-bold">12. Inferring cellular and molecular processes in single-cell data with non-negative matrix factorization using Python, R and GenePattern Notebook implementations of CoGAPS. (2023)</p>
<p class="font-italic font-weight-light">Johnson JAI, Tsang AP, Mitchell JT, Zhou DL, Bowden J, Davis-Marcisak E, Sherman T, Liefeld T, Loth M, <span class="font-weight-bold" style="font-size: 1.0rem"><u>Goff LA</u></span>, Zimmerman JW, Kinny-Koster B, Jaffee EM, Tamayo P, Mesirov JP, Reich M, Fertig EJ, Stein-O'Brien GL</p>
<p>Nat Protoc. 2023 Dec;18(12):3690-3731. doi: 10.1038/s41596-023-00892-x. Epub 2023 Nov 21. PMID: 37989764</p>
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<p>Non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) is an unsupervised learning method well suited to high-throughput biology. However, inferring biological processes from an NMF result still requires additional post hoc statistics and annotation for interpretation of learned features. Here, we introduce a suite of computational tools that implement NMF and provide methods for accurate and clear biological interpretation and analysis. A generalized discussion of NMF covering its benefits, limitations and open questions is followed by four procedures for the Bayesian NMF algorithm Coordinated Gene Activity across Pattern Subsets (CoGAPS). Each procedure will demonstrate NMF analysis to quantify cell state transitions in a public domain single-cell RNA-sequencing dataset. The first demonstrates PyCoGAPS, our new Python implementation that enhances runtime for large datasets, and the second allows its deployment in Docker. The third procedure steps through the same single-cell NMF analysis using our R CoGAPS interface. The fourth introduces a beginner-friendly CoGAPS platform using GenePattern Notebook, aimed at users with a working conceptual knowledge of data analysis but without a basic proficiency in the R or Python programming language. We also constructed a user-facing website to serve as a central repository for information and instructional materials about CoGAPS and its application programming interfaces. The expected timing to setup the packages and conduct a test run is around 15 min, and an additional 30 min to conduct analyses on a precomputed result. The expected runtime on the user's desired dataset can vary from hours to days depending on factors such as dataset size or input parameters.</p>
<a target="_blank" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41596-023-00892-x ">10.1038/s41596-023-00892-x </a>
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<p class="font-weight-bold">13. Pumping the brakes on RNA velocity by understanding and interpreting RNA velocity estimates. (2023)</p>
<p class="font-italic font-weight-light">Zheng SC, Stein-O'Brien G, Boukas L, <span class="font-weight-bold" style="font-size: 1.0rem"><u>Goff LA</u></span>, Hansen KD</p>
<p>Genome Biol. 2023 Oct 26;24(1):246. doi: 10.1186/s13059-023-03065-x. PMID: 37885016</p>
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<p>BACKGROUND: RNA velocity analysis of single cells offers the potential to predict temporal dynamics from gene expression. In many systems, RNA velocity has been observed to produce a vector field that qualitatively reflects known features of the system. However, the limitations of RNA velocity estimates are still not well understood. RESULTS: We analyze the impact of different steps in the RNA velocity workflow on direction and speed. We consider both high-dimensional velocity estimates and low-dimensional velocity vector fields mapped onto an embedding. We conclude the transition probability method for mapping velocity estimates onto an embedding is effectively interpolating in the embedding space. Our findings reveal a significant dependence of the RNA velocity workflow on smoothing via the k-nearest-neighbors (k-NN) graph of the observed data. This reliance results in considerable estimation errors for both direction and speed in both high- and low-dimensional settings when the k-NN graph fails to accurately represent the true data structure; this is an unknown feature of real data. RNA velocity performs poorly at estimating speed in both low- and high-dimensional spaces, except in very low noise settings. We introduce a novel quality measure that can identify when RNA velocity should not be used. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings emphasize the importance of choices in the RNA velocity workflow and highlight critical limitations of data analysis. We advise against over-interpreting expression dynamics using RNA velocity, particularly in terms of speed. Finally, we emphasize that the use of RNA velocity in assessing the correctness of a low-dimensional embedding is circular.</p>
<a target="_blank" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13059-023-03065-x ">10.1186/s13059-023-03065-x </a>
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<p class="font-weight-bold">14. Normal and Sjogren's syndrome models of the murine lacrimal gland studied at single-cell resolution. (2023)</p>
<p class="font-italic font-weight-light">Rattner A, Heng JS, Winer BL, <span class="font-weight-bold" style="font-size: 1.0rem"><u>Goff LA</u></span>, Nathans J</p>
<p>Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2023 Oct 17;120(42):e2311983120. doi: 10.1073/pnas.2311983120. Epub 2023 Oct 9. PMID: 37812717</p>
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<p>The lacrimal gland is of central interest in ophthalmology both as the source of the aqueous component of tear fluid and as the site of autoimmune pathology in the context of Sjogren's syndrome (SjS). To provide a foundational description of mouse lacrimal gland cell types and their patterns of gene expression, we have analyzed single-cell transcriptomes from wild-type (Balb/c) mice and from two genetically based SjS models, MRL/lpr and NOD (nonobese diabetic).H2b, and defined the localization of multiple cell-type-specific protein and mRNA markers. This analysis has uncovered a previously undescribed cell type, Car6+ cells, which are located at the junction of the acini and the connecting ducts. More than a dozen secreted polypeptides that are likely to be components of tear fluid are expressed by acinar cells and show pronounced sex differences in expression. Additional examples of gene expression heterogeneity within a single cell type were identified, including a gradient of Claudin4 along the length of the ductal system and cell-to-cell heterogeneity in transcription factor expression within acinar and myoepithelial cells. The patterns of expression of channels, transporters, and pumps in acinar, Car6+, and ductal cells make strong predictions regarding the mechanisms of water and electrolyte secretion. In MRL/lpr and NOD.H2b lacrimal glands, distinctive changes in parenchymal gene expression and in immune cell subsets reveal widespread interferon responses, a T cell-dominated infiltrate in the MRL/lpr model, and a mixed B cell and T cell infiltrate in the NOD.H2b model.</p>
<a target="_blank" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2311983120 ">10.1073/pnas.2311983120 </a>
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<p class="font-weight-bold">15. Ret deficiency decreases neural crest progenitor proliferation and restricts fate potential during enteric nervous system development. (2023)</p>
<p class="font-italic font-weight-light">Vincent E, Chatterjee S, Cannon GH, Auer D, Ross H, Chakravarti A, <span class="font-weight-bold" style="font-size: 1.0rem"><u>Goff LA</u></span>,</p>
<p>Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2023 Aug 22;120(34):e2211986120. doi: 10.1073/pnas.2211986120. Epub 2023 Aug 16. PMID: 37585461</p>
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<p>The receptor tyrosine kinase RET plays a critical role in the fate specification of enteric neural crest-derived cells (ENCDCs) during enteric nervous system (ENS) development. RET loss of function (LoF) is associated with Hirschsprung disease (HSCR), which is marked by aganglionosis of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Although the major phenotypic consequences and the underlying transcriptional changes from Ret LoF in the developing ENS have been described, cell type- and state-specific effects are unknown. We performed single-cell RNA sequencing on an enriched population of ENCDCs from the developing GI tract of Ret null heterozygous and homozygous mice at embryonic day (E)12.5 and E14.5. We demonstrate four significant findings: 1) Ret-expressing ENCDCs are a heterogeneous population comprising ENS progenitors as well as glial- and neuronal-committed cells; 2) neurons committed to a predominantly inhibitory motor neuron developmental trajectory are not produced under Ret LoF, leaving behind a mostly excitatory motor neuron developmental program; 3) expression patterns of HSCR-associated and Ret gene regulatory network genes are impacted by Ret LoF; and 4) Ret deficiency leads to precocious differentiation and reduction in the number of proliferating ENS precursors. Our results support a model in which Ret contributes to multiple distinct cellular phenotypes during development of the ENS, including the specification of inhibitory neuron subtypes, cell cycle dynamics of ENS progenitors, and the developmental timing of neuronal and glial commitment.</p>
<a target="_blank" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2211986120 ">10.1073/pnas.2211986120 </a>
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<p class="font-weight-bold">16. Psychedelics reopen the social reward learning critical period. (2023)</p>
<p class="font-italic font-weight-light">Nardou R, Sawyer E, Song YJ, Wilkinson M, Padovan-Hernandez Y, de Deus JL, Wright N, Lama C, Faltin S, <span class="font-weight-bold" style="font-size: 1.0rem"><u>Goff LA</u></span>, Stein-O'Brien GL, Dolen G</p>
<p>Nature. 2023 Jun;618(7966):790-798. doi: 10.1038/s41586-023-06204-3. Epub 2023 Jun 14. PMID: 37316665</p>
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<p>Psychedelics are a broad class of drugs defined by their ability to induce an altered state of consciousness(1,2). These drugs have been used for millennia in both spiritual and medicinal contexts, and a number of recent clinical successes have spurred a renewed interest in developing psychedelic therapies(3-9). Nevertheless, a unifying mechanism that can account for these shared phenomenological and therapeutic properties remains unknown. Here we demonstrate in mice that the ability to reopen the social reward learning critical period is a shared property across psychedelic drugs. Notably, the time course of critical period reopening is proportional to the duration of acute subjective effects reported in humans. Furthermore, the ability to reinstate social reward learning in adulthood is paralleled by metaplastic restoration of oxytocin-mediated long-term depression in the nucleus accumbens. Finally, identification of differentially expressed genes in the 'open state' versus the 'closed state' provides evidence that reorganization of the extracellular matrix is a common downstream mechanism underlying psychedelic drug-mediated critical period reopening. Together these results have important implications for the implementation of psychedelics in clinical practice, as well as the design of novel compounds for the treatment of neuropsychiatric disease.</p>
<a target="_blank" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-023-06204-3 ">10.1038/s41586-023-06204-3 </a>
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<p class="font-weight-bold">17. The transcription factor Tbx5 regulates direction-selective retinal ganglion cell development and image stabilization. (2022)</p>
<p class="font-italic font-weight-light">Al-Khindi T, Sherman MB, Kodama T, Gopal P, Pan Z, Kiraly JK, Zhang H, <span class="font-weight-bold" style="font-size: 1.0rem"><u>Goff LA</u></span>, du Lac S, Kolodkin AL</p>
<p>Curr Biol. 2022 Oct 10;32(19):4286-4298.e5. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.07.064. Epub 2022 Aug 22. PMID: 35998637</p>
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<p>The diversity of visual input processed by the mammalian visual system requires the generation of many distinct retinal ganglion cell (RGC) types, each tuned to a particular feature. The molecular code needed to generate this cell-type diversity is poorly understood. Here, we focus on the molecules needed to specify one type of retinal cell: the upward-preferring ON direction-selective ganglion cell (up-oDSGC) of the mouse visual system. Single-cell transcriptomic profiling of up- and down-oDSGCs shows that the transcription factor Tbx5 is selectively expressed in up-oDSGCs. The loss of Tbx5 in up-oDSGCs results in a selective defect in the formation of up-oDSGCs and a corresponding inability to detect vertical motion. A downstream effector of Tbx5, Sfrp1, is also critical for vertical motion detection but not up-oDSGC formation. These results advance our understanding of the molecular mechanisms that specify a rare retinal cell type and show how disrupting this specification leads to a corresponding defect in neural circuitry and behavior.</p>
<a target="_blank" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2022.07.064 ">10.1016/j.cub.2022.07.064 </a>
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<p class="font-weight-bold">18. Postnatal Smad3 Inactivation in Murine Smooth Muscle Cells Elicits a Temporally and Regionally Distinct Transcriptional Response. (2022)</p>
<p class="font-italic font-weight-light">Bramel EE, Creamer TJ, Saqib M, Camejo Nunez WA, Bagirzadeh R, Roker LA, <span class="font-weight-bold" style="font-size: 1.0rem"><u>Goff LA</u></span>, MacFarlane EG</p>
<p>Front Cardiovasc Med. 2022 Apr 8;9:826495. doi: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.826495. eCollection 2022. PMID: 35463747</p>
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<p>Heterozygous, loss of function mutations in positive regulators of the Transforming Growth Factor-beta (TGF-beta) pathway cause hereditary forms of thoracic aortic aneurysm. It is unclear whether and how the initial signaling deficiency triggers secondary signaling upregulation in the remaining functional branches of the pathway, and if this contributes to maladaptive vascular remodeling. To examine this process in a mouse model in which time-controlled, partial interference with postnatal TGF-beta signaling in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) could be assessed, we used a VSMC-specific tamoxifen-inducible system, and a conditional allele, to inactivate Smad3 at 6 weeks of age, after completion of perinatal aortic development. This intervention induced dilation and histological abnormalities in the aortic root, with minor involvement of the ascending aorta. To analyze early and late events associated with disease progression, we performed a comparative single cell transcriptomic analysis at 10- and 18-weeks post-deletion, when aortic dilation is undetectable and moderate, respectively. At the early time-point, Smad3-inactivation resulted in a broad reduction in the expression of extracellular matrix components and critical components of focal adhesions, including integrins and anchoring proteins, which was reflected histologically by loss of connections between VSMCs and elastic lamellae. At the later time point, however, expression of several transcripts belonging to the same functional categories was normalized or even upregulated; this occurred in association with upregulation of transcripts coding for TGF-beta ligands, and persistent downregulation of negative regulators of the pathway. To interrogate how VSMC heterogeneity may influence this transition, we examined transcriptional changes in each of the four VSMC subclusters identified, regardless of genotype, as partly reflecting the proximal-to-distal anatomic location based on in situ RNA hybridization. The response to Smad3-deficiency varied depending on subset, and VSMC subsets over-represented in the aortic root, the site most vulnerable to dilation, most prominently upregulated TGF-beta ligands and pro-pathogenic factors such as thrombospondin-1, angiotensin converting enzyme, and pro-inflammatory mediators. These data suggest that Smad3 is required for maintenance of focal adhesions, and that loss of contacts with the extracellular matrix has consequences specific to each VSMC subset, possibly contributing to the regional susceptibility to dilation in the aorta.</p>
<a target="_blank" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2022.826495 ">10.3389/fcvm.2022.826495 </a>
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<p class="font-weight-bold">19. Odorant-receptor-mediated regulation of chemosensory gene expression in the malaria mosquito Anopheles gambiae. (2022)</p>
<p class="font-italic font-weight-light">Maguire SE, Afify A, <span class="font-weight-bold" style="font-size: 1.0rem"><u>Goff LA</u></span>, Potter CJ</p>
<p>Cell Rep. 2022 Mar 8;38(10):110494. doi: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110494. PMID: 35263579</p>
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<p>Mosquitoes locate and approach humans based on the activity of odorant receptors (ORs) expressed on olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). Olfactogenetic experiments in Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes revealed that the ectopic expression of an AgOR (AgOR2) in ORNs dampened the activity of the expressing neuron. This contrasts with studies in Drosophila melanogaster in which the ectopic expression of non-native ORs in ORNs confers ectopic neuronal responses without interfering with native olfactory physiology. RNA-seq analyses comparing wild-type antennae to those ectopically expressing AgOR2 in ORNs indicated that nearly all AgOR transcripts were significantly downregulated (except for AgOR2). Additional experiments suggest that AgOR2 protein rather than mRNA mediates this downregulation. Using in situ hybridization, we find that AgOR gene choice is active into adulthood and that AgOR2 expression inhibits AgORs from turning on at this late stage. Our study shows that the ORNs of Anopheles mosquitoes (in contrast to Drosophila) are sensitive to a currently unexplored mechanism of AgOR regulation.</p>
<a target="_blank" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110494 ">10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110494 </a>
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<p class="font-weight-bold">20. Follistatin promotes LIN28B-mediated supporting cell reprogramming and hair cell regeneration in the murine cochlea. (2022)</p>
<p class="font-italic font-weight-light">Li XJ, Morgan C, <span class="font-weight-bold" style="font-size: 1.0rem"><u>Goff LA</u></span>, Doetzlhofer A</p>
<p>Sci Adv. 2022 Feb 11;8(6):eabj7651. doi: 10.1126/sciadv.abj7651. Epub 2022 Feb 11. PMID: 35148175</p>
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<p>Hair cell (HC) loss within the inner ear cochlea is a leading cause for deafness in humans. Before the onset of hearing, immature supporting cells (SCs) in neonatal mice have some limited capacity for HC regeneration. Here, we show that in organoid culture, transient activation of the progenitor-specific RNA binding protein LIN28B and Activin antagonist follistatin (FST) enhances regenerative competence of maturing/mature cochlear SCs by reprogramming them into progenitor-like cells. Transcriptome profiling and mechanistic studies reveal that LIN28B drives SC reprogramming, while FST is required to counterbalance hyperactivation of transforming growth factor-beta-type signaling by LIN28B. Last, we show that LIN28B and FST coactivation enhances spontaneous cochlear HC regeneration in neonatal mice and that LIN28B may be part of an endogenous repair mechanism that primes SCs for HC regeneration. These findings indicate that SC dedifferentiation is critical for HC regeneration and identify LIN28B and FST as main regulators.</p>
<a target="_blank" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abj7651 ">10.1126/sciadv.abj7651 </a>
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<p class="font-weight-bold">21. Universal prediction of cell-cycle position using transfer learning. (2022)</p>
<p class="font-italic font-weight-light">Zheng SC, Stein-O'Brien G, Augustin JJ, Slosberg J, Carosso GA, Winer B, Shin G, Bjornsson HT, <span class="font-weight-bold" style="font-size: 1.0rem"><u>Goff LA</u></span>, Hansen KD</p>
<p>Genome Biol. 2022 Jan 31;23(1):41. doi: 10.1186/s13059-021-02581-y. PMID: 35101061</p>
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<p>BACKGROUND: The cell cycle is a highly conserved, continuous process which controls faithful replication and division of cells. Single-cell technologies have enabled increasingly precise measurements of the cell cycle both as a biological process of interest and as a possible confounding factor. Despite its importance and conservation, there is no universally applicable approach to infer position in the cell cycle with high-resolution from single-cell RNA-seq data. RESULTS: Here, we present tricycle, an R/Bioconductor package, to address this challenge by leveraging key features of the biology of the cell cycle, the mathematical properties of principal component analysis of periodic functions, and the use of transfer learning. We estimate a cell-cycle embedding using a fixed reference dataset and project new data into this reference embedding, an approach that overcomes key limitations of learning a dataset-dependent embedding. Tricycle then predicts a cell-specific position in the cell cycle based on the data projection. The accuracy of tricycle compares favorably to gold-standard experimental assays, which generally require specialized measurements in specifically constructed in vitro systems. Using internal controls which are available for any dataset, we show that tricycle predictions generalize to datasets with multiple cell types, across tissues, species, and even sequencing assays. CONCLUSIONS: Tricycle generalizes across datasets and is highly scalable and applicable to atlas-level single-cell RNA-seq data.</p>
<a target="_blank" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13059-021-02581-y ">10.1186/s13059-021-02581-y </a>
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<p class="font-weight-bold">22. Differential Expression Levels of Sox9 in Early Neocortical Radial Glial Cells Regulate the Decision between Stem Cell Maintenance and Differentiation. (2021)</p>
<p class="font-italic font-weight-light">Fabra-Beser J, Alves Medeiros de Araujo J, Marques-Coelho D, <span class="font-weight-bold" style="font-size: 1.0rem"><u>Goff LA</u></span>, Costa MR, Muller U, Gil-Sanz C</p>
<p>J Neurosci. 2021 Aug 18;41(33):6969-6986. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2905-20.2021. Epub 2021 Jul 15. PMID: 34266896</p>
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<p>Radial glial progenitor cells (RGCs) in the dorsal telencephalon directly or indirectly produce excitatory projection neurons and macroglia of the neocortex. Recent evidence shows that the pool of RGCs is more heterogeneous than originally thought and that progenitor subpopulations can generate particular neuronal cell types. Using single-cell RNA sequencing, we have studied gene expression patterns of RGCs with different neurogenic behavior at early stages of cortical development. At this early age, some RGCs rapidly produce postmitotic neurons, whereas others self-renew and undergo neurogenic divisions at a later age. We have identified candidate genes that are differentially expressed among these early RGC subpopulations, including the transcription factor Sox9. Using in utero electroporation in embryonic mice of either sex, we demonstrate that elevated Sox9 expression in progenitors affects RGC cell cycle duration and leads to the generation of upper layer cortical neurons. Our data thus reveal molecular differences between progenitor cells with different neurogenic behavior at early stages of corticogenesis and indicates that Sox9 is critical for the maintenance of RGCs to regulate the generation of upper layer neurons.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The existence of heterogeneity in the pool of RGCs and its relationship with the generation of cellular diversity in the cerebral cortex has been an interesting topic of debate for many years. Here we describe the existence of RGCs with reduced neurogenic behavior at early embryonic ages presenting a particular molecular signature. This molecular signature consists of differential expression of some genes including the transcription factor Sox9, which has been found to be a specific regulator of this subpopulation of progenitor cells. Functional experiments perturbing expression levels of Sox9 reveal its instructive role in the regulation of the neurogenic behavior of RGCs and its relationship with the generation of upper layer projection neurons at later ages.</p>
<a target="_blank" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2905-20.2021 ">10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2905-20.2021 </a>
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<p class="font-weight-bold">23. An in vivo screen of noncoding loci reveals that Daedalus is a gatekeeper of an Ikaros-dependent checkpoint during haematopoiesis. (2021)</p>
<p class="font-italic font-weight-light">Harman CCD, Bailis W, Zhao J, Hill L, Qu R, Jackson RP, Shyer JA, Steach HR, Kluger Y, <span class="font-weight-bold" style="font-size: 1.0rem"><u>Goff LA</u></span>, Rinn JL, Williams A, Henao-Mejia J, Flavell RA</p>
<p>Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2021 Jan 19;118(3):e1918062118. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1918062118. PMID: 33446502</p>
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<p>Haematopoiesis relies on tightly controlled gene expression patterns as development proceeds through a series of progenitors. While the regulation of hematopoietic development has been well studied, the role of noncoding elements in this critical process is a developing field. In particular, the discovery of new regulators of lymphopoiesis could have important implications for our understanding of the adaptive immune system and disease. Here we elucidate how a noncoding element is capable of regulating a broadly expressed transcription factor, Ikaros, in a lymphoid lineage-specific manner, such that it imbues Ikaros with the ability to specify the lymphoid lineage over alternate fates. Deletion of the Daedalus locus, which is proximal to Ikaros, led to a severe reduction in early lymphoid progenitors, exerting control over the earliest fate decisions during lymphoid lineage commitment. Daedalus locus deletion led to alterations in Ikaros isoform expression and a significant reduction in Ikaros protein. The Daedalus locus may function through direct DNA interaction as Hi-C analysis demonstrated an interaction between the two loci. Finally, we identify an Ikaros-regulated erythroid-lymphoid checkpoint that is governed by Daedalus in a lymphoid-lineage-specific manner. Daedalus appears to act as a gatekeeper of Ikaros's broad lineage-specifying functions, selectively stabilizing Ikaros activity in the lymphoid lineage and permitting diversion to the erythroid fate in its absence. These findings represent a key illustration of how a transcription factor with broad lineage expression must work in concert with noncoding elements to orchestrate hematopoietic lineage commitment.</p>
<a target="_blank" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1918062118 ">10.1073/pnas.1918062118 </a>
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<p class="font-weight-bold">24. Striking heterogeneity of somatic L1 retrotransposition in single normal and cancerous gastrointestinal cells. (2020)</p>
<p class="font-italic font-weight-light">Yamaguchi K, Soares AO, <span class="font-weight-bold" style="font-size: 1.0rem"><u>Goff LA</u></span>, Talasila A, Choi JA, Ivenitsky D, Karma S, Brophy B, Devine SE, Meltzer SJ, Kazazian HH Jr</p>
<p>Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2020 Dec 22;117(51):32215-32222. doi: 10.1073/pnas.2019450117. Epub 2020 Dec 4. PMID: 33277430</p>
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<p>Somatic LINE-1 (L1) retrotransposition has been detected in early embryos, adult brains, and the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, and many cancers, including epithelial GI tumors. We previously found numerous somatic L1 insertions in paired normal and GI cancerous tissues. Here, using a modified method of single-cell analysis for somatic L1 insertions, we studied adenocarcinomas of colon, pancreas, and stomach, and found a variable number of somatic L1 insertions in tumors of the same type from patient to patient. We detected no somatic L1 insertions in single cells of 5 of 10 tumors studied. In three tumors, aneuploid cells were detected by FACS. In one pancreatic tumor, there were many more L1 insertions in aneuploid than in euploid tumor cells. In one gastric cancer, both aneuploid and euploid cells contained large numbers of likely clonal insertions. However, in a second gastric cancer with aneuploid cells, no somatic L1 insertions were found. We suggest that when the cellular environment is favorable to retrotransposition, aneuploidy predisposes tumor cells to L1 insertions, and retrotransposition may occur at the transition from euploidy to aneuploidy. Seventeen percent of insertions were also present in normal cells, similar to findings in genomic DNA from normal tissues of GI tumor patients. We provide evidence that: 1) The number of L1 insertions in tumors of the same type is highly variable, 2) most somatic L1 insertions in GI cancer tissues are absent from normal tissues, and 3) under certain conditions, somatic L1 retrotransposition exhibits a propensity for occurring in aneuploid cells.</p>
<a target="_blank" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2019450117 ">10.1073/pnas.2019450117 </a>
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<p class="font-weight-bold">25. Parallel Social Information Processing Circuits Are Differentially Impacted in Autism. (2020)</p>
<p class="font-italic font-weight-light">Lewis EM, Stein-O'Brien GL, Patino AV, Nardou R, Grossman CD, Brown M, Bangamwabo B, Ndiaye N, Giovinazzo D, Dardani I, Jiang C, <span class="font-weight-bold" style="font-size: 1.0rem"><u>Goff LA</u></span>, Dolen G</p>
<p>Neuron. 2020 Nov 25;108(4):659-675.e6. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2020.10.002. Epub 2020 Oct 27. PMID: 33113347</p>
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<p>Parallel processing circuits are thought to dramatically expand the network capabilities of the nervous system. Magnocellular and parvocellular oxytocin neurons have been proposed to subserve two parallel streams of social information processing, which allow a single molecule to encode a diverse array of ethologically distinct behaviors. Here we provide the first comprehensive characterization of magnocellular and parvocellular oxytocin neurons in male mice, validated across anatomical, projection target, electrophysiological, and transcriptional criteria. We next use novel multiple feature selection tools in Fmr1-KO mice to provide direct evidence that normal functioning of the parvocellular but not magnocellular oxytocin pathway is required for autism-relevant social reward behavior. Finally, we demonstrate that autism risk genes are enriched in parvocellular compared with magnocellular oxytocin neurons. Taken together, these results provide the first evidence that oxytocin-pathway-specific pathogenic mechanisms account for social impairments across a broad range of autism etiologies.</p>
<a target="_blank" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2020.10.002 ">10.1016/j.neuron.2020.10.002 </a>
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<p class="font-weight-bold">26. Developmental, cellular, and behavioral phenotypes in a mouse model of congenital hypoplasia of the dentate gyrus. (2020)</p>
<p class="font-italic font-weight-light">Rattner A, Terrillion CE, Jou C, Kleven T, Hu SF, Williams J, Hou Z, Aggarwal M, Mori S, Shin G, <span class="font-weight-bold" style="font-size: 1.0rem"><u>Goff LA</u></span>, Witter MP, Pletnikov M, Fenton AA, Nathans J</p>
<p>Elife. 2020 Oct 21;9:e62766. doi: 10.7554/eLife.62766. PMID: 33084572</p>
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<p>In the hippocampus, a widely accepted model posits that the dentate gyrus improves learning and memory by enhancing discrimination between inputs. To test this model, we studied conditional knockout mice in which the vast majority of dentate granule cells (DGCs) fail to develop - including nearly all DGCs in the dorsal hippocampus - secondary to eliminating Wntless (Wls) in a subset of cortical progenitors with Gfap-Cre. Other cells in the Wls(fl/-);Gfap-Cre hippocampus were minimally affected, as determined by single nucleus RNA sequencing. CA3 pyramidal cells, the targets of DGC-derived mossy fibers, exhibited normal morphologies with a small reduction in the numbers of synaptic spines. Wls(fl/-);Gfap-Cre mice have a modest performance decrement in several complex spatial tasks, including active place avoidance. They were also modestly impaired in one simpler spatial task, finding a visible platform in the Morris water maze. These experiments support a role for DGCs in enhancing spatial learning and memory.</p>
<a target="_blank" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.62766 ">10.7554/eLife.62766 </a>
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<p class="font-weight-bold">27. Screening non-MAPT genes of the Chr17q21 H1 haplotype in Parkinson's disease. (2020)</p>
<p class="font-italic font-weight-light">Soto-Beasley AI, Walton RL, Valentino RR, Hook PW, Labbe C, Heckman MG, Johnson PW, <span class="font-weight-bold" style="font-size: 1.0rem"><u>Goff LA</u></span>, Uitti RJ, McLean PJ, Springer W, McCallion AS, Wszolek ZK, Ross OA</p>
<p>Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2020 Sep;78:138-144. doi: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2020.07.022. Epub 2020 Aug 1. PMID: 32829096</p>
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<p>INTRODUCTION: The microtubule-associated protein tau (MAPT) gene is considered a strong genetic risk factor for Parkinson's disease (PD) in Caucasians. MAPT is located within an inversion region of high linkage disequilibrium designated as H1 and H2 haplotype, and contains eight other genes which have been implicated in neurodegeneration. The aim of the current study was to identify common coding variants in strong linkage disequilibrium (LD) within the associated loci on chr17q21 harboring MAPT. METHODS: Sanger sequencing of coding exons in 90 Caucasian late-onset PD (LOPD) patients was performed. Specific gene sequencing for LRRC37A, LRRC37A2, ARL17A and ARL17B was not possible given the high homology, presence of pseudogenes and copy number variants that are in the region, and therefore four genes (NSF, KANSL1, SPPL2C, and CRHR1) were included in the analysis. Coding variants from these four genes that did not perfectly tag (r(2) = 1) the MAPT H1/H2 haplotype were genotyped in an independent replication series of Caucasian PD cases (N = 851) and controls (N = 730). RESULTS: In the 90 LOPD cases we identified 30 coding variants. Eleven non-synonymous variants tagged the MAPT H1/H2 haplotype, including two SPPL2C variants (rs12185233 and rs12373123) that had high pathogenic combined annotation dependent depletion (CADD) scores of >20. In the replication series, the non-synonymous KANSL1 rs17585974 variant was in very strong LD with MAPT H1/H2 and had a high CADD score of 24.7. CONCLUSION: We have identified several non-synonymous variants across neighboring genes of MAPT that may warrant further genetic and functional investigation within the biological etiology of PD.</p>
<a target="_blank" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.parkreldis.2020.07.022 ">10.1016/j.parkreldis.2020.07.022 </a>
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<p class="font-weight-bold">28. Single-Cell Analysis of Human Retina Identifies Evolutionarily Conserved and Species-Specific Mechanisms Controlling Development. (2020)</p>
<p class="font-italic font-weight-light">Lu Y, Shiau F, Yi W, Lu S, Wu Q, Pearson JD, Kallman A, Zhong S, Hoang T, Zuo Z, Zhao F, Zhang M, Tsai N, Zhuo Y, He S, Zhang J, Stein-O'Brien GL, Sherman TD, Duan X, Fertig EJ, <span class="font-weight-bold" style="font-size: 1.0rem"><u>Goff LA</u></span>, Zack DJ, Handa JT, Xue T, Bremner R, Blackshaw S, Wang X, Clark BS</p>
<p>Dev Cell. 2020 May 18;53(4):473-491.e9. doi: 10.1016/j.devcel.2020.04.009. Epub 2020 May 7. PMID: 32386599</p>
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<p>The development of single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) has allowed high-resolution analysis of cell-type diversity and transcriptional networks controlling cell-fate specification. To identify the transcriptional networks governing human retinal development, we performed scRNA-seq analysis on 16 time points from developing retina as well as four early stages of retinal organoid differentiation. We identified evolutionarily conserved patterns of gene expression during retinal progenitor maturation and specification of all seven major retinal cell types. Furthermore, we identified gene-expression differences between developing macula and periphery and between distinct populations of horizontal cells. We also identified species-specific patterns of gene expression during human and mouse retinal development. Finally, we identified an unexpected role for ATOH7 expression in regulation of photoreceptor specification during late retinogenesis. These results provide a roadmap to future studies of human retinal development and may help guide the design of cell-based therapies for treating retinal dystrophies.</p>
<a target="_blank" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.devcel.2020.04.009 ">10.1016/j.devcel.2020.04.009 </a>
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<p class="font-weight-bold">29. Mitoregulin Controls beta-Oxidation in Human and Mouse Adipocytes. (2020)</p>
<p class="font-italic font-weight-light">Friesen M, Warren CR, Yu H, Toyohara T, Ding Q, Florido MHC, Sayre C, Pope BD, <span class="font-weight-bold" style="font-size: 1.0rem"><u>Goff LA</u></span>, Rinn JL, Cowan CA</p>
<p>Stem Cell Reports. 2020 Apr 14;14(4):590-602. doi: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2020.03.002. Epub 2020 Apr 2. PMID: 32243843</p>
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<p>We previously discovered in mouse adipocytes an lncRNA (the homolog of human LINC00116) regulating adipogenesis that contains a highly conserved coding region. Here, we show human protein expression of a peptide within LINC00116, and demonstrate that this peptide modulates triglyceride clearance in human adipocytes by regulating lipolysis and mitochondrial beta-oxidation. This gene has previously been identified as mitoregulin (MTLN). We conclude that MTLN has a regulatory role in adipocyte metabolism as demonstrated by systemic lipid phenotypes in knockout mice. We also assert its adipocyte-autonomous phenotypes in both isolated murine adipocytes as well as human stem cell-derived adipocytes. MTLN directly interacts with the beta subunit of the mitochondrial trifunctional protein, an enzyme critical in the beta-oxidation of long-chain fatty acids. Our human and murine models contend that MTLN could be an avenue for further therapeutic research, albeit not without caveats, for example, by promoting white adipocyte triglyceride clearance in obese subjects.</p>
<a target="_blank" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.stemcr.2020.03.002 ">10.1016/j.stemcr.2020.03.002 </a>
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<p class="font-weight-bold">30. projectR: an R/Bioconductor package for transfer learning via PCA, NMF, correlation and clustering. (2020)</p>
<p class="font-italic font-weight-light">Sharma G, Colantuoni C, <span class="font-weight-bold" style="font-size: 1.0rem"><u>Goff LA</u></span>, Fertig EJ, Stein-O'Brien G</p>
<p>Bioinformatics. 2020 Jun 1;36(11):3592-3593. doi: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btaa183. PMID: 32167521</p>
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<p>MOTIVATION: Dimension reduction techniques are widely used to interpret high-dimensional biological data. Features learned from these methods are used to discover both technical artifacts and novel biological phenomena. Such feature discovery is critically importent in analysis of large single-cell datasets, where lack of a ground truth limits validation and interpretation. Transfer learning (TL) can be used to relate the features learned from one source dataset to a new target dataset to perform biologically driven validation by evaluating their use in or association with additional sample annotations in that independent target dataset. RESULTS: We developed an R/Bioconductor package, projectR, to perform TL for analyses of genomics data via TL of clustering, correlation and factorization methods. We then demonstrate the utility TL for integrated data analysis with an example for spatial single-cell analysis. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION: projectR is available on Bioconductor and at https://github.com/genesofeve/projectR. CONTACT: gsteinobrien@jhmi.edu or ejfertig@jhmi.edu. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.</p>
<a target="_blank" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btaa183 ">10.1093/bioinformatics/btaa183 </a>
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<p class="font-weight-bold">31. Comprehensive analysis of a mouse model of spontaneous uveoretinitis using single-cell RNA sequencing. (2019)</p>
<p class="font-italic font-weight-light">Heng JS, Hackett SF, Stein-O'Brien GL, Winer BL, Williams J, <span class="font-weight-bold" style="font-size: 1.0rem"><u>Goff LA</u></span>, Nathans J</p>
<p>Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2019 Dec 26;116(52):26734-26744. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1915571116. Epub 2019 Dec 16. PMID: 31843893</p>
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<p>Autoimmune uveoretinitis is a significant cause of visual loss, and mouse models offer unique opportunities to study its disease mechanisms. Aire(-/-) mice fail to express self-antigens in the thymus, exhibit reduced central tolerance, and develop a spontaneous, chronic, and progressive uveoretinitis. Using single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq), we characterized wild-type and Aire(-/-) retinas to define, in a comprehensive and unbiased manner, the cell populations and gene expression patterns associated with disease. Based on scRNA-seq, immunostaining, and in situ hybridization, we infer that 1) the dominant effector response in Aire(-/-) retinas is Th1-driven, 2) a subset of monocytes convert to either a macrophage/microglia state or a dendritic cell state, 3) the development of tertiary lymphoid structures constitutes part of the Aire(-/-) retinal phenotype, 4) all major resident retinal cell types respond to interferon gamma (IFNG) by changing their patterns of gene expression, and 5) Muller glia up-regulate specific genes in response to IFN gamma and may act as antigen-presenting cells.</p>
<a target="_blank" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1915571116 ">10.1073/pnas.1915571116 </a>
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<p class="font-weight-bold">32. Increased expression of anion transporter SLC26A9 delays diabetes onset in cystic fibrosis. (2020)</p>
<p class="font-italic font-weight-light">Lam AN, Aksit MA, Vecchio-Pagan B, Shelton CA, Osorio DL, Anzmann AF, <span class="font-weight-bold" style="font-size: 1.0rem"><u>Goff LA</u></span>, Whitcomb DC, Blackman SM, Cutting GR</p>
<p>J Clin Invest. 2020 Jan 2;130(1):272-286. doi: 10.1172/JCI129833. PMID: 31581148</p>
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<p>Diabetes is a common complication of cystic fibrosis (CF) that affects approximately 20% of adolescents and 40%-50% of adults with CF. The age at onset of CF-related diabetes (CFRD) (marked by clinical diagnosis and treatment initiation) is an important measure of the disease process. DNA variants associated with age at onset of CFRD reside in and near SLC26A9. Deep sequencing of the SLC26A9 gene in 762 individuals with CF revealed that 2 common DNA haplotypes formed by the risk variants account for the association with diabetes. Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-Seq) indicated that SLC26A9 is predominantly expressed in pancreatic ductal cells and frequently coexpressed with CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) along with transcription factors that have binding sites 5' of SLC26A9. These findings were replicated upon reanalysis of scRNA-Seq data from 4 independent studies. DNA fragments derived from the 5' region of SLC26A9-bearing variants from the low-risk haplotype generated 12%-20% higher levels of expression in PANC-1 and CFPAC-1 cells compared with the high- risk haplotype. Taken together, our findings indicate that an increase in SLC26A9 expression in ductal cells of the pancreas delays the age at onset of diabetes, suggesting a CFTR-agnostic treatment for a major complication of CF.</p>
<a target="_blank" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1172/JCI129833 ">10.1172/JCI129833 </a>
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<p class="font-weight-bold">33. A screen of 1,049 schizophrenia and 30 Alzheimer's-associated variants for regulatory potential. (2020)</p>
<p class="font-italic font-weight-light">Myint L, Wang R, Boukas L, Hansen KD, <span class="font-weight-bold" style="font-size: 1.0rem"><u>Goff LA</u></span>, Avramopoulos D</p>
<p>Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet. 2020 Jan;183(1):61-73. doi: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32761. Epub 2019 Sep 10. PMID: 31503409</p>
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<p>Recent genome-wide association studies (GWAS) identified numerous schizophrenia (SZ) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) associated loci, most outside protein-coding regions and hypothesized to affect gene transcription. We used a massively parallel reporter assay to screen, 1,049 SZ and 30 AD variants in 64 and nine loci, respectively for allele differences in driving reporter gene expression. A library of synthetic oligonucleotides assaying each allele five times was transfected into K562 chronic myelogenous leukemia lymphoblasts and SK-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells. One hundred forty eight variants showed allelic differences in K562 and 53 in SK-SY5Y cells, on average 2.6 variants per locus. Nine showed significant differences in both lines, a modest overlap reflecting different regulatory landscapes of these lines that also differ significantly in chromatin marks. Eight of nine were in the same direction. We observe no preference for risk alleles to increase or decrease expression. We find a positive correlation between the number of SNPs in linkage disequilibrium and the proportion of functional SNPs supporting combinatorial effects that may lead to haplotype selection. Our results prioritize future functional follow up of disease associated SNPs to determine the driver GWAS variant(s), at each locus and enhance our understanding of gene regulation dynamics.</p>
<a target="_blank" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajmg.b.32761 ">10.1002/ajmg.b.32761 </a>
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<p class="font-weight-bold">34. Precocious neuronal differentiation and disrupted oxygen responses in Kabuki syndrome. (2019)</p>
<p class="font-italic font-weight-light">Carosso GA, Boukas L, Augustin JJ, Nguyen HN, Winer BL, Cannon GH, Robertson JD, Zhang L, Hansen KD, <span class="font-weight-bold" style="font-size: 1.0rem"><u>Goff LA</u></span>, Bjornsson HT</p>
<p>JCI Insight. 2019 Oct 17;4(20):e129375. doi: 10.1172/jci.insight.129375. PMID: 31465303</p>
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<p>Chromatin modifiers act to coordinate gene expression changes critical to neuronal differentiation from neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs). Lysine-specific methyltransferase 2D (KMT2D) encodes a histone methyltransferase that promotes transcriptional activation and is frequently mutated in cancers and in the majority (>70%) of patients diagnosed with the congenital, multisystem intellectual disability disorder Kabuki syndrome 1 (KS1). Critical roles for KMT2D are established in various non-neural tissues, but the effects of KMT2D loss in brain cell development have not been described. We conducted parallel studies of proliferation, differentiation, transcription, and chromatin profiling in KMT2D-deficient human and mouse models to define KMT2D-regulated functions in neurodevelopmental contexts, including adult-born hippocampal NSPCs in vivo and in vitro. We report cell-autonomous defects in proliferation, cell cycle, and survival, accompanied by early NSPC maturation in several KMT2D-deficient model systems. Transcriptional suppression in KMT2D-deficient cells indicated strong perturbation of hypoxia-responsive metabolism pathways. Functional experiments confirmed abnormalities of cellular hypoxia responses in KMT2D-deficient neural cells and accelerated NSPC maturation in vivo. Together, our findings support a model in which loss of KMT2D function suppresses expression of oxygen-responsive gene programs important to neural progenitor maintenance, resulting in precocious neuronal differentiation in a mouse model of KS1.</p>
<a target="_blank" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1172/jci.insight.129375 ">10.1172/jci.insight.129375 </a>
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<p class="font-weight-bold">35. Differential Variation Analysis Enables Detection of Tumor Heterogeneity Using Single-Cell RNA-Sequencing Data. (2019)</p>
<p class="font-italic font-weight-light">Davis-Marcisak EF, Sherman TD, Orugunta P, Stein-O'Brien GL, Puram SV, Roussos Torres ET, Hopkins AC, Jaffee EM, Favorov AV, Afsari B, <span class="font-weight-bold" style="font-size: 1.0rem"><u>Goff LA</u></span>, Fertig EJ</p>
<p>Cancer Res. 2019 Oct 1;79(19):5102-5112. doi: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-18-3882. Epub 2019 Jul 23. PMID: 31337651</p>
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<p>Tumor heterogeneity provides a complex challenge to cancer treatment and is a critical component of therapeutic response, disease recurrence, and patient survival. Single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) technologies have revealed the prevalence of intratumor and intertumor heterogeneity. Computational techniques are essential to quantify the differences in variation of these profiles between distinct cell types, tumor subtypes, and patients to fully characterize intratumor and intertumor molecular heterogeneity. In this study, we adapted our algorithm for pathway dysregulation, Expression Variation Analysis (EVA), to perform multivariate statistical analyses of differential variation of expression in gene sets for scRNA-seq. EVA has high sensitivity and specificity to detect pathways with true differential heterogeneity in simulated data. EVA was applied to several public domain scRNA-seq tumor datasets to quantify the landscape of tumor heterogeneity in several key applications in cancer genomics such as immunogenicity, metastasis, and cancer subtypes. Immune pathway heterogeneity of hematopoietic cell populations in breast tumors corresponded to the amount of diversity present in the T-cell repertoire of each individual. Cells from head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) primary tumors had significantly more heterogeneity across pathways than cells from metastases, consistent with a model of clonal outgrowth. Moreover, there were dramatic differences in pathway dysregulation across HNSCC basal primary tumors. Within the basal primary tumors, there was increased immune dysregulation in individuals with a high proportion of fibroblasts present in the tumor microenvironment. These results demonstrate the broad utility of EVA to quantify intertumor and intratumor heterogeneity from scRNA-seq data without reliance on low-dimensional visualization. SIGNIFICANCE: This study presents a robust statistical algorithm for evaluating gene expression heterogeneity within pathways or gene sets in single-cell RNA-seq data.</p>
<a target="_blank" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-18-3882 ">10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-18-3882 </a>
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<p class="font-weight-bold">36. Single-Cell RNA-Seq Analysis of Retinal Development Identifies NFI Factors as Regulating Mitotic Exit and Late-Born Cell Specification. (2019)</p>
<p class="font-italic font-weight-light">Clark BS, Stein-O'Brien GL, Shiau F, Cannon GH, Davis-Marcisak E, Sherman T, Santiago CP, Hoang TV, Rajaii F, James-Esposito RE, Gronostajski RM, Fertig EJ, <span class="font-weight-bold" style="font-size: 1.0rem"><u>Goff LA</u></span>, Blackshaw S</p>
<p>Neuron. 2019 Jun 19;102(6):1111-1126.e5. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2019.04.010. Epub 2019 May 22. PMID: 31128945</p>
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<p>Precise temporal control of gene expression in neuronal progenitors is necessary for correct regulation of neurogenesis and cell fate specification. However, the cellular heterogeneity of the developing CNS has posed a major obstacle to identifying the gene regulatory networks that control these processes. To address this, we used single-cell RNA sequencing to profile ten developmental stages encompassing the full course of retinal neurogenesis. This allowed us to comprehensively characterize changes in gene expression that occur during initiation of neurogenesis, changes in developmental competence, and specification and differentiation of each major retinal cell type. We identify the NFI transcription factors (Nfia, Nfib, and Nfix) as selectively expressed in late retinal progenitor cells and show that they control bipolar interneuron and Muller glia cell fate specification and promote proliferative quiescence.</p>
<a target="_blank" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2019.04.010 ">10.1016/j.neuron.2019.04.010 </a>
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<p class="font-weight-bold">37. Decomposing Cell Identity for Transfer Learning across Cellular Measurements, Platforms, Tissues, and Species. (2019)</p>
<p class="font-italic font-weight-light">Stein-O'Brien GL, Clark BS, Sherman T, Zibetti C, Hu Q, Sealfon R, Liu S, Qian J, Colantuoni C, Blackshaw S, <span class="font-weight-bold" style="font-size: 1.0rem"><u>Goff LA</u></span>, Fertig EJ</p>
<p>Cell Syst. 2019 May 22;8(5):395-411.e8. doi: 10.1016/j.cels.2019.04.004. PMID: 31121116</p>
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<p>Analysis of gene expression in single cells allows for decomposition of cellular states as low-dimensional latent spaces. However, the interpretation and validation of these spaces remains a challenge. Here, we present scCoGAPS, which defines latent spaces from a source single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) dataset, and projectR, which evaluates these latent spaces in independent target datasets via transfer learning. Application of developing mouse retina to scRNA-Seq reveals intrinsic relationships across biological contexts and assays while avoiding batch effects and other technical features. We compare the dimensions learned in this source dataset to adult mouse retina, a time-course of human retinal development, select scRNA-seq datasets from developing brain, chromatin accessibility data, and a murine-cell type atlas to identify shared biological features. These tools lay the groundwork for exploratory analysis of scRNA-seq data via latent space representations, enabling a shift in how we compare and identify cells beyond reliance on marker genes or ensemble molecular identity.</p>