diff --git a/arkruntime/client.go b/arkruntime/client.go
index 95d29d6..cf4ea68 100644
--- a/arkruntime/client.go
+++ b/arkruntime/client.go
@@ -642,20 +642,63 @@ func (c *Client) fullURL(suffix string) string {
 }
 
 func (c *Client) handleErrorResp(resp *http.Response) error {
-	requestID := resp.Header.Get(model.ClientRequestHeader)
+	requestID := responseRequestID(resp)
+	body, readErr := io.ReadAll(resp.Body)
+	if readErr != nil {
+		return model.NewRequestError(
+			resp.StatusCode,
+			fmt.Errorf("read error response body: %w", readErr),
+			requestID,
+		)
+	}
+
 	var errRes model.ErrorResponse
-	err := json.NewDecoder(resp.Body).Decode(&errRes)
-	if err != nil || errRes.Error == nil {
-		reqErr := model.NewRequestError(resp.StatusCode, err, requestID)
-		if errRes.Error != nil {
-			reqErr.Err = errRes.Error
-		}
-		return reqErr
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(body, &errRes); err == nil && errRes.Error != nil {
+		return setAPIErrorResponseMetadata(errRes.Error, resp.StatusCode, requestID)
+	}
+
+	// Some services return the error object directly instead of wrapping it in
+	// an {"error": ...} envelope. Preserve its structured fields when possible.
+	var apiErr model.APIError
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(body, &apiErr); err == nil &&
+		(apiErr.Message != "" || apiErr.Code != "" || apiErr.Type != "") {
+		return setAPIErrorResponseMetadata(&apiErr, resp.StatusCode, requestID)
+	}
+
+	bodyText := strings.TrimSpace(string(body))
+	if bodyText == "" {
+		return model.NewRequestError(
+			resp.StatusCode,
+			errors.New("unexpected error response: empty body"),
+			requestID,
+		)
+	}
+	return model.NewRequestError(
+		resp.StatusCode,
+		fmt.Errorf("unexpected error response body: %s", bodyText),
+		requestID,
+	)
+}
+
+func responseRequestID(resp *http.Response) string {
+	if requestID := resp.Header.Get(model.ServerRequestHeader); requestID != "" {
+		return requestID
+	}
+	if requestID := resp.Header.Get(model.ClientRequestHeader); requestID != "" {
+		return requestID
+	}
+	if resp.Request != nil {
+		return resp.Request.Header.Get(model.ClientRequestHeader)
 	}
+	return ""
+}
 
-	errRes.Error.HTTPStatusCode = resp.StatusCode
-	errRes.Error.RequestId = requestID
-	return errRes.Error
+func setAPIErrorResponseMetadata(apiErr *model.APIError, statusCode int, requestID string) error {
+	apiErr.HTTPStatusCode = statusCode
+	if requestID != "" {
+		apiErr.RequestId = requestID
+	}
+	return apiErr
 }
 
 func (c *Client) getRetryAfter(v model.Response) int64 {
diff --git a/arkruntime/error_response_test.go b/arkruntime/error_response_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..80f8430
--- /dev/null
+++ b/arkruntime/error_response_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,109 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 ByteDance Ltd. and/or its affiliates.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+package arkruntime
+
+import (
+	"errors"
+	"io"
+	"net/http"
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/volcengine/ark-runtime-go/arkruntime/model"
+)
+
+func TestHandleErrorResp(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		name      string
+		body      string
+		headers   http.Header
+		request   *http.Request
+		wantAPI   bool
+		wantCode  string
+		wantID    string
+		wantInErr string
+	}{
+		{
+			name:     "wrapped API error",
+			body:     `{"error":{"code":"InvalidModel","message":"model not found","type":"invalid_request_error"}}`,
+			headers:  http.Header{model.ServerRequestHeader: []string{"server-request-id"}},
+			wantAPI:  true,
+			wantCode: "InvalidModel",
+			wantID:   "server-request-id",
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "direct API error",
+			body:     `{"code":"InvalidModel","message":"model not found","type":"invalid_request_error","request_id":"body-request-id"}`,
+			headers:  http.Header{},
+			wantAPI:  true,
+			wantCode: "InvalidModel",
+			wantID:   "body-request-id",
+		},
+		{
+			name:      "nonstandard JSON body",
+			body:      `{"detail":"model is invalid"}`,
+			headers:   http.Header{model.ServerRequestHeader: []string{"server-request-id"}},
+			wantID:    "server-request-id",
+			wantInErr: `{"detail":"model is invalid"}`,
+		},
+		{
+			name:      "plain text body",
+			body:      "bad gateway",
+			headers:   http.Header{},
+			request:   requestWithClientID("client-request-id"),
+			wantID:    "client-request-id",
+			wantInErr: "bad gateway",
+		},
+		{
+			name:      "empty body",
+			body:      "",
+			headers:   http.Header{},
+			wantInErr: "unexpected error response: empty body",
+		},
+	}
+
+	client := &Client{}
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			resp := &http.Response{
+				StatusCode: http.StatusBadRequest,
+				Header:     tt.headers,
+				Body:       io.NopCloser(strings.NewReader(tt.body)),
+				Request:    tt.request,
+			}
+			err := client.handleErrorResp(resp)
+
+			if tt.wantAPI {
+				var apiErr *model.APIError
+				if !errors.As(err, &apiErr) {
+					t.Fatalf("error = %T, want *model.APIError", err)
+				}
+				if apiErr.Code != tt.wantCode || apiErr.RequestId != tt.wantID {
+					t.Fatalf("API error = %#v, want code %q and request ID %q", apiErr, tt.wantCode, tt.wantID)
+				}
+				return
+			}
+
+			var requestErr *model.RequestError
+			if !errors.As(err, &requestErr) {
+				t.Fatalf("error = %T, want *model.RequestError", err)
+			}
+			if requestErr.Err == nil {
+				t.Fatal("RequestError.Err is nil")
+			}
+			if requestErr.RequestId != tt.wantID {
+				t.Fatalf("request ID = %q, want %q", requestErr.RequestId, tt.wantID)
+			}
+			if !strings.Contains(requestErr.Error(), tt.wantInErr) {
+				t.Fatalf("error = %q, want it to contain %q", requestErr, tt.wantInErr)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func requestWithClientID(requestID string) *http.Request {
+	request, _ := http.NewRequest(http.MethodPost, "https://example.com", nil)
+	request.Header.Set(model.ClientRequestHeader, requestID)
+	return request
+}
diff --git a/arkruntime/model/common.go b/arkruntime/model/common.go
index 3fae081..f5d781c 100644
--- a/arkruntime/model/common.go
+++ b/arkruntime/model/common.go
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ import (
 
 const (
 	ClientRequestHeader = "X-Client-Request-Id"
+	ServerRequestHeader = "X-Request-Id"
 	RetryAfterHeader    = "Retry-After"
 
 	DefaultMandatoryRefreshTimeout = 10 * 60          // 10 min