Add bisection method for root finding

[susbakun]

Description

Adds the bisection method for finding a root of a continuous function
inside a bracketing interval [lower, upper] (where f(lower) and
f(upper) have opposite signs).

• Returns Option<f64>: None for invalid input (non-finite bounds,
  non-positive or non-finite tolerance, NaN function values, no sign
  change) or if the interval doesn't shrink below the tolerance within
  max_iterations
• Accepts the bounds in either order
• Accepts closures (F: Fn(f64) -> f64)
• Computes the midpoint without overflowing for very large bounds
• Includes unit tests

Reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisection_method

Type of change

• New feature (non-breaking change which adds functionality)

Checklist:

• I ran bellow commands using the latest version of rust nightly.
• I ran cargo clippy --all -- -D warnings just before my last commit and fixed any issue that was found.
• I ran cargo fmt just before my last commit.
• I ran cargo test just before my last commit and all tests passed.
• I added my algorithm to the corresponding mod.rs file within its own folder, and in any parent folder(s).
• I added my algorithm to DIRECTORY.md with the correct link.
• I checked COUNTRIBUTING.md and my code follows its guidelines.

Please make sure that if there is a test that takes too long to run ( > 300ms), you #[ignore] that or
try to optimize your code or make the test easier to run. We have this rule because we have hundreds of
tests to run; If each one of them took 300ms, we would have to wait for a long time.

[codecov-commenter]

Codecov Report

✅ All modified and coverable lines are covered by tests.
✅ Project coverage is 95.91%. Comparing base (fed66cb) to head (8c4aff8).

Additional details and impacted files

@@            Coverage Diff             @@
##           master    #1074      +/-   ##
==========================================
+ Coverage   95.89%   95.91%   +0.01%     
==========================================
  Files         396      397       +1     
  Lines       30441    30562     +121     
==========================================
+ Hits        29192    29313     +121     
  Misses       1249     1249              

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[susbakun]

Added a test for the case where the midpoint is an exact root, covering the previously uncovered branch.