[LautaroPetaccio]

Fifth in the AsyncAPI white-box stack, on top of #1871.
This is the first of the asynchronous stop heuristics: ways for the settle window from the previous PR to end early, once the service looks done with a message, instead of always waiting for the deadline. This one, COVERAGE_STABLE, ends the window once the SUT's coverage has stayed stable for a set time, reaching nothing new. The other two, HANDLER_RETURN (#1875) and CONSUMER_LAG (#1877), come later in the stack.

Why

A window long enough for the slowest handler is wasted on every message the service handles quickly, and that is most of them. With a 5 s window and a 100 ms stable period, the new E2E runs 40 evaluations in about 30 s. If every wait went to the deadline, that would take several minutes.

What it adds

• ExecutionTracer.getObjectiveUpdateCount(): how many times, in the current test, an objective was reached for the first time or improved on its best value. It is incremented inside the synchronized block updateObjective already holds, and reset with the rest of the per-test state.
• SutController.getObjectiveUpdateCount(): returns null by default, so no driver has to implement it. EmbeddedSutController reads it directly, and returns null without the agent, where a count stuck at zero would read as stable coverage. ExternalSutController asks the agent with a new Command.OBJECTIVE_UPDATE_COUNT, which AgentController answers with a Long, the same way BOOT_TIME_INFO is answered with an object (ServerController.getObjectiveUpdateCount()), and with null when it fails to read it, so the controller never stalls on a missing answer.
• AsyncApiActionDto.Completion {FIXED, COVERAGE_STABLE} and stableMs. AsyncApiReplyDto.SettleEnd {DEADLINE, COVERAGE_STABLE, INTERRUPTED} in settleEndedBy says why the wait ended. All boxed, with null semantics in the Javadoc.
• AsyncApiSettle reads the count every 25 ms. It stops once the count has not moved for stableMs, or at settleMs, whichever comes first. A count that cannot be read, or stops being readable, including a read that throws (warned about once), means the whole window.
• --asyncApiCompletion (FIXED by default) and --asyncApiStableMs (200), both experimental. COVERAGE_STABLE without --asyncApiSettleMs is a ConfigProblemException in white-box, since there is no window to end early; a stable period not shorter than the window gets a warning. In black-box both settle options are put back to their defaults, with a warning, as a black-box run never keeps an action open. Why each wait ended is kept on AsyncApiCallResult.

The one decision: count improvements, not executions

A service that polls a broker runs the same instrumented lines forever, so its executions never settle. Once those lines are covered in the test, though, they stop improving anything, and the count stops moving.

The cost: a handler that only re-runs paths already covered earlier in the same test does not move the count either, so its wait ends early. That costs nothing for fitness, but whatever it runs after the window closes can be credited to the next action (taint, SQL info). So this is a heuristic. It is designed independently of the transport, but has only been validated on Kafka, and the option's description says so. A transport-level signal, such as records consumed, can be added later as a second source of activity.

What this changes outside AsyncAPI

• ExecutionTracer: one AtomicLong, incremented only when objectiveCoverage gets a new or better value, and reset in reset(). It is declared before the static block that calls reset(). Nothing reads it except the new methods.
• Command: one new value, appended at the end. AgentController/ServerController: one new case and one new method, following the existing request/response pattern.
• SutController/EmbeddedSutController/ExternalSutController: one new method each. It is not abstract in SutController.

None of this changes behaviour for other problem types. Happy to split the instrumentation part into its own PR if you would rather.

Not here

Other completion strategies (handler return, consumer lag) need transport-level tracking and the Kafka helper module, and come later in the stack.

Testing

• ExecutionTracerTest (new, client-java/instrumentation), 5 tests: zero at start; first reach counts; re-running the same code does not; only a better value counts; reset starts from zero.
• ServerControllerTest (new), 3 tests, with a real AgentController connected over a local socket in the same JVM: the count round-trips; NEW_TEST resets it in the agent; it interleaves with other commands without desynchronising replies.
• AsyncApiSettleTest, 16 tests (10 new), on a fake clock: a SUT with stable coverage let go after stableMs; activity extends the wait to a stable window after the last move; the deadline caps a SUT whose coverage never settles; an unreadable, lost or throwing count means the whole window, or the rest of it; no or non-positive stableMs means a fixed wait; a fixed wait never reads the count; an interrupt during the loop ends it with INTERRUPTED.
• EMControllerTest, 8 tests (3 new), through newAction with the embedded direct read: a SUT reaching nothing new is let go at stableMs; one that keeps reaching new objectives (simulated through ExecutionTracer) is waited on until the deadline; without the agent the whole window is waited.
• AsyncApiFitnessTest, 3 new tests: completion and stable window sent in white-box, not in black-box, and why the wait ended is kept on the result. EMConfigTest, 3 new tests: the cross-option check and the defaults, the settle options ignored in black-box, and a stable period no shorter than the window allowed.
• NcsKafkaEMTest.testRunEMWithCoverageStable, a new E2E with a 5000 ms window and a 100 ms stable period: no reply missed, every result settled, at least one wait ended on COVERAGE_STABLE, none interrupted.
• Core: AsyncApi*Test, ConfigToMarkdownTest, EMConfigTest: 275 tests, 0 failures. client-java/instrumentation, whole module: 737 tests, 0 failures (1 skipped, as before). client-java/controller: AsyncApiSettleTest, EMControllerTest, AsyncApiProblemTest: 31 tests, 0 failures. NcsKafkaEMTest: 5 tests, 0 failures.

[jgaleotti]

rename Completion to a more descriptive name in the context of AsyncAPIs

[jgaleotti]

rename settleEnd to a more descriptive name, perhaps ReasonSettleEnded?

[jgaleotti]

add Javadoc for new OBJECTIVE_UPDATE_COUNT