ci: upgrade GitHub Actions to Node.js 24 compatible versions

[benjamin202410]

Summary

• Bumps actions/checkout v4 → v5
• Bumps actions/cache v4 → v5
• Bumps actions/setup-go v5 → v6

Resolves the GitHub Actions deprecation warning:

Node.js 20 is deprecated. The following actions target Node.js 20 but are being forced to run on Node.js 24: actions/cache@v4, actions/checkout@v4, actions/setup-go@v5.

See: https://github.blog/changelog/2025-09-19-deprecation-of-node-20-on-github-actions-runners/

Test plan

• Verify CI passes on this PR with no Node.js deprecation warnings

🤖 Generated with Claude Code

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• Commit unit tests in branch fix/upgrade-github-actions-node24

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