dev: include ASF status checks in the local lint suite

[kumarUjjawal]

Which issue does this PR close?

• Part of Add Local Scripts to Reproduce Full CI #21048. The issue stays open for the other checklist items.

Rationale for this change

.asf.yaml lists the GitHub Actions jobs that must pass before a PR can merge. If a job is renamed and .asf.yaml still requires the old name, PRs wait for a status that never arrives. CI runs ci/scripts/check_asf_yaml_status_checks.py in dev.yml to catch this, but dev/rust_lint.sh does not. A contributor can pass the local lint suite and then see the failure only in CI. This PR adds the existing validator to the local suite.

What changes are included in this PR?

• dev/rust_lint.sh runs ci/scripts/check_asf_yaml_status_checks.py as a read-only step, after the workflow install check and before the Markdown link check. The --write and --allow-dirty flags never reach it.
• The runner needs python3 on PATH with PyYAML installed. It checks both after argument parsing and before any tool install or formatter, and it reports a distinct error for each missing prerequisite. It does not install Python packages. Help output does not run these checks.
• ci/scripts/check_asf_yaml_status_checks.py becomes executable, because the runner invokes each registered script directly. The script body, .asf.yaml, and the GitHub workflow do not change.
• docs/source/contributor-guide/testing.md documents the purpose of the check, the Python setup, the standalone command, and the local lint integration.

What is the testing strategy for this PR?

• The real validator passes on this branch through python3 ci/scripts/check_asf_yaml_status_checks.py and through direct invocation, with Python 3.14.7 and PyYAML 6.0.3.
• Disposable configurations exercised the real validator. A valid configuration passes. A required name with no matching job fails with the existing diagnostic. A name served only by a path-filtered workflow fails, and an added unfiltered workflow makes it pass.
• A disposable fixture with stubbed steps and tools exercised the runner. The validator runs once with no arguments in check mode and in both write modes. A missing python3 and a missing PyYAML each stop the suite with their own error before any tool install or formatter. Help output skips the checks. A validator failure stops the later steps.
• A disposable clone with a bogus required name in .asf.yaml: ./dev/rust_lint.sh fails with the validator diagnostic before the link check, and passes again after the file is restored.
• The full ./dev/rust_lint.sh passes on this branch.

Are there any user-facing changes?

No. The local lint suite gains the check and needs Python 3 with PyYAML. CI is unchanged.

🤖 Generated with Claude Code

[codecov-commenter]

Codecov Report

✅ All modified and coverable lines are covered by tests.
✅ Project coverage is 81.92%. Comparing base (04ca5ac) to head (ef05edd).
⚠️ Report is 2 commits behind head on main.

Additional details and impacted files

@@           Coverage Diff            @@
##             main   #25313    +/-   ##
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  Coverage   81.91%   81.92%            
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  Files        1134     1134            
  Lines      425655   425990   +335     
  Branches   425655   425990   +335     
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+ Hits       348679   348989   +310     
  Misses      56300    56300            
- Partials    20676    20701    +25     

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[2010YOUY01]

Thank you. I've tested it locally and it works well.

[2010YOUY01]

nit: the error message could say something like 'please run through uv'

Now internal python scripts should be run through uv package manager, so

# Get dependency setup automatically
uv run ./dev/rust_lint.sh

Reference: #20414