feat(stars): add the central stars of the Ring, Owl, Helix and Southern Ring nebulae

packages/astronomy/data/bodies/ngc-3132-central-star.json

@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+{
+ "id": "ngc-3132-central-star",
+ "classification": "star",
+ "order": 5781,
+ "physical": {
+  "name": "NGC 3132 central star",
+  "horizonsCode": null,
+  "meanRadiusKm": 27062.7,
+  "gravitationalParameterKm3PerS2": 0,
+  "parent": null,
+  "effectiveTemperatureK": 110000
+ },
+ "physicalNotes": "Radius 0.0389 solar radii from De Marco et al. (2022), arXiv:2301.02775, Results: the star their model of the nebula needs has 110 kK and 200 Lsun; the paper prints no radius, and 0.0389 solar radii is the sphere that radiates that luminosity at that temperature (Stefan-Boltzmann law) (https://arxiv.org/abs/2301.02775): 27,063 km at 695,700 km per solar radius. No mass is measured, so GM is 0, the records' unpublished value. Temperature 110000 K from De Marco et al. (2022), arXiv:2301.02775, Results: a model of the nebula's light with a central star of effective temperature 110 kK and luminosity 200 Lsun matches the observations (https://arxiv.org/abs/2301.02775). presentationUp: the display axis is a sky-plane convention; the spin axis's position angle on the sky is not measured.",
+ "star": {
+  "rightAscensionDegrees": 151.7568557416905,
+  "declinationDegrees": -40.43674438999238,
+  "positionEpochJulianYear": 2016,
+  "distanceParsecs": 754,
+  "properMotionRaMasPerYear": -7.677450171548887,
+  "properMotionDecMasPerYear": 0.19727499759393125,
+  "radialVelocityKmPerS": 0,
+  "presentationUp": "display-axis",
+  "sources": {
+   "position": "Gaia DR3 source 5420219732233481472 (Gaia Collaboration 2023, A&A 674, A1), ICRS at epoch J2016.0, from the archived row src/objects/ngc-3132-central-star/source/photometry/gaia-dr3-source.csv",
+   "distance": "Monteiro et al. (2025), MNRAS 539, 1756: 754 pc (+18, -15), the Gaia DR3 geometric distance of the bright star beside it, the distance its nebula's page stands at; this star's own Gaia DR3 parallax, 0.51 +/- 0.19 mas, is too weak to place it (https://arxiv.org/abs/2503.20640): 754 pc; Gaia DR3 parallax 0.5116 +/- 0.1936 mas (same row, RUWE 2.07), 2.6 standard errors, is not used",
+   "properMotion": "Gaia DR3 (same row): -7.677, 0.197 mas/yr",
+   "radialVelocity": "No catalogued radial velocity: Gaia DR3 measures none for source 5420219732233481472 and SIMBAD lists none. Zero is assumed; a 30 km/s error moves the star by one part in 200,000 of its distance per century (https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=Gaia%20DR3%205420219732233481472)"
+  }
+ }
+}

packages/astronomy/data/bodies/wd-1111-552.json

@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+{
+ "id": "wd-1111-552",
+ "classification": "star",
+ "order": 5779,
+ "physical": {
+  "name": "WD 1111+552",
+  "horizonsCode": null,
+  "meanRadiusKm": 26019.2,
+  "gravitationalParameterKm3PerS2": 0,
+  "parent": null,
+  "effectiveTemperatureK": 93300
+ },
+ "physicalNotes": "Radius 0.0374 solar radii from González-Santamaría et al. (2021), A&A 656, A51, Table 8: log(L/Lsun) = 1.98 from the star's V magnitude at its Gaia EDR3 distance, and log(Teff) = 4.97; the paper prints no radius, and 0.0374 solar radii is the sphere that radiates that luminosity at that temperature (Stefan-Boltzmann law) (https://arxiv.org/abs/2109.12114): 26,019 km at 695,700 km per solar radius. No mass is measured, so GM is 0, the records' unpublished value. Temperature 93300 K from González-Santamaría et al. (2021), A&A 656, A51, Table 8: log(Teff) = 4.97, a temperature from the literature the paper compiles; spectral type DAO (https://arxiv.org/abs/2109.12114). presentationUp: the display axis is a sky-plane convention; the spin axis's position angle on the sky is not measured.",
+ "star": {
+  "rightAscensionDegrees": 168.6988018192362,
+  "declinationDegrees": 55.019028406093206,
+  "positionEpochJulianYear": 2016,
+  "distanceParsecs": 811.014503375056,
+  "properMotionRaMasPerYear": 0.07623383022787678,
+  "properMotionDecMasPerYear": 1.2143663249499133,
+  "radialVelocityKmPerS": 0,
+  "presentationUp": "display-axis",
+  "sources": {
+   "position": "Gaia DR3 source 843950873117830528 (Gaia Collaboration 2023, A&A 674, A1), ICRS at epoch J2016.0, from the archived row src/objects/wd-1111-552/source/photometry/gaia-dr3-source.csv",
+   "distance": "Chornay & Walton (2021), A&A 656, A110; CDS J/A+A/656/A110, Table A.1, PN G148.4+57.0: distance 811 pc (782 to 842) from the Gaia EDR3 parallax of this star, the distance its nebula's page stands at (https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/A+A/656/A110): 811.014503375056 pc; Gaia DR3 parallax 1.2347 +/- 0.0461 mas (same row, RUWE 1.04), 26.8 standard errors, is not used",
+   "properMotion": "Gaia DR3 (same row): 0.076, 1.214 mas/yr",
+   "radialVelocity": "No catalogued radial velocity: Gaia DR3 measures none for source 843950873117830528 and SIMBAD lists none. Zero is assumed; a 30 km/s error moves the star by one part in 300,000 of its distance per century (https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=Gaia%20DR3%20843950873117830528)"
+  }
+ }
+}

packages/astronomy/data/bodies/wd-1851-329.json

@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+{
+ "id": "wd-1851-329",
+ "classification": "star",
+ "order": 5778,
+ "physical": {
+  "name": "WD 1851+329",
+  "horizonsCode": null,
+  "meanRadiusKm": 26019.2,
+  "gravitationalParameterKm3PerS2": 0,
+  "parent": null,
+  "effectiveTemperatureK": 112200
+ },
+ "physicalNotes": "Radius 0.0374 solar radii from González-Santamaría et al. (2021), A&A 656, A51, Table 8: log(L/Lsun) = 2.3 from the star's V magnitude at its Gaia EDR3 distance, and log(Teff) = 5.05; the paper prints no radius, and 0.0374 solar radii is the sphere that radiates that luminosity at that temperature (Stefan-Boltzmann law) (https://arxiv.org/abs/2109.12114): 26,019 km at 695,700 km per solar radius. No mass is measured, so GM is 0, the records' unpublished value. Temperature 112200 K from González-Santamaría et al. (2021), A&A 656, A51, Table 8: log(Teff) = 5.05, a temperature from the literature the paper compiles; spectral type hgO(H) (https://arxiv.org/abs/2109.12114). presentationUp: the display axis is a sky-plane convention; the spin axis's position angle on the sky is not measured.",
+ "star": {
+  "rightAscensionDegrees": 283.39624524512595,
+  "declinationDegrees": 33.029145234727864,
+  "positionEpochJulianYear": 2016,
+  "distanceParsecs": 790.014153719229,
+  "properMotionRaMasPerYear": 1.6450208472431704,
+  "properMotionDecMasPerYear": 2.4723413701200947,
+  "radialVelocityKmPerS": -19.1,
+  "presentationUp": "display-axis",
+  "sources": {
+   "position": "Gaia DR3 source 2090486618786534784 (Gaia Collaboration 2023, A&A 674, A1), ICRS at epoch J2016.0, from the archived row src/objects/wd-1851-329/source/photometry/gaia-dr3-source.csv; cross-identification HD 175353: https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=Gaia+DR3+2090486618786534784",
+   "distance": "Chornay & Walton (2021), A&A 656, A110; CDS J/A+A/656/A110, Table A.1, PN G063.1+13.9: distance 790 pc (764 to 818) from the Gaia EDR3 parallax of this star, the distance its nebula's page stands at (https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/A+A/656/A110): 790.014153719229 pc; Gaia DR3 parallax 1.2696 +/- 0.0438 mas (same row, RUWE 1.07), 29.0 standard errors, is not used",
+   "properMotion": "Gaia DR3 (same row): 1.645, 2.472 mas/yr",
+   "radialVelocity": "SIMBAD's radial velocity for Gaia DR3 2090486618786534784 (quality E), from 1953GCRV..C......0W; Gaia DR3 measures none (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1953GCRV..C......0W/abstract)"
+  }
+ }
+}

packages/astronomy/data/bodies/wd-2226-210.json

@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+{
+ "id": "wd-2226-210",
+ "classification": "star",
+ "order": 5780,
+ "physical": {
+  "name": "WD 2226-210",
+  "horizonsCode": null,
+  "meanRadiusKm": 15862,
+  "gravitationalParameterKm3PerS2": 0,
+  "parent": null,
+  "effectiveTemperatureK": 107200
+ },
+ "physicalNotes": "Radius 0.0228 solar radii from González-Santamaría et al. (2021), A&A 656, A51, Table 8: log(L/Lsun) = 1.79 from the star's V magnitude at its Gaia EDR3 distance, and log(Teff) = 5.03; the paper prints no radius, and 0.0228 solar radii is the sphere that radiates that luminosity at that temperature (Stefan-Boltzmann law) (https://arxiv.org/abs/2109.12114): 15,862 km at 695,700 km per solar radius. No mass is measured, so GM is 0, the records' unpublished value. Temperature 107200 K from González-Santamaría et al. (2021), A&A 656, A51, Table 8: log(Teff) = 5.03, a temperature from the literature the paper compiles; spectral type DAO.5 (https://arxiv.org/abs/2109.12114). presentationUp: the display axis is a sky-plane convention; the spin axis's position angle on the sky is not measured.",
+ "star": {
+  "rightAscensionDegrees": 337.41079031598287,
+  "declinationDegrees": -20.837166885514563,
+  "positionEpochJulianYear": 2016,
+  "distanceParsecs": 216,
+  "properMotionRaMasPerYear": 38.78960371587057,
+  "properMotionDecMasPerYear": -3.3465676470410934,
+  "radialVelocityKmPerS": -15,
+  "presentationUp": "display-axis",
+  "sources": {
+   "position": "Gaia DR3 source 6628874205642084224 (Gaia Collaboration 2023, A&A 674, A1), ICRS at epoch J2016.0, from the archived row src/objects/wd-2226-210/source/photometry/gaia-dr3-source.csv",
+   "distance": "Benedict et al. (2009), HST parallaxes of planetary nebula nuclei: 216 pc (-12/+14) from the trigonometric parallax of this star, the distance its nebula's page stands at (https://arxiv.org/abs/0909.4281): 216 pc; Gaia DR3 parallax 5.0124 +/- 0.0437 mas (same row, RUWE 0.95), 114.8 standard errors, is not used",
+   "properMotion": "Gaia DR3 (same row): 38.790, -3.347 mas/yr",
+   "radialVelocity": "SIMBAD's radial velocity for Gaia DR3 6628874205642084224 (quality E), from 1953GCRV..C......0W; Gaia DR3 measures none (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1953GCRV..C......0W/abstract)"
+  }
+ }
+}

packages/bake/src/objects/color/star-catalogue-color.test.mts

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import { test } from 'node:test';
+import { readStarTemperature, temperatureCatalogueColor } from './star-catalogue-color.ts';
+
+test('a central star past 100,000 K is read, and takes the display fit\'s hottest color', () => {
+  const effectiveTemperatureSource = 'A paper (https://example.org/paper)';
+  assert.equal(readStarTemperature({ effectiveTemperatureK: 112200, effectiveTemperatureSource }).kelvin, 112200);
+  assert.equal(temperatureCatalogueColor(112200), temperatureCatalogueColor(40000));
+  for (const effectiveTemperatureK of [900, 300000]) {
+    assert.throws(() => readStarTemperature({ effectiveTemperatureK, effectiveTemperatureSource }), /between 1,000 and 250,000 K/u);
+  }
+});

packages/bake/src/objects/color/star-catalogue-color.ts

@@ -11,7 +11,9 @@ export interface StarTemperature { readonly kelvin: number; readonly source: str
 export function readStarTemperature(measurements: unknown): StarTemperature {
   const record = requireRecord(measurements, 'star measurements');
   const kelvin = requireFiniteNumber(record.effectiveTemperatureK, 'effectiveTemperatureK');
-  if (!(kelvin >= 1000 && kelvin <= 40000)) throw new TypeError('A stellar effective temperature lies between 1,000 and 40,000 K.');
+  // The display fit ends at 40,000 K and holds its color there for a hotter star (temperatureColor): a planetary nebula's
+  // central star is past 100,000 K.
+  if (!(kelvin >= 1000 && kelvin <= 250000)) throw new TypeError('A stellar effective temperature lies between 1,000 and 250,000 K.');
   const source = requireString(record.effectiveTemperatureSource, 'effectiveTemperatureSource');
   if (!/https?:\/\//u.test(source)) throw new TypeError('The effective temperature source names the publication by URL.');
   return { kelvin, source };

packages/telescope-cli/src/new-object/limb-white-dwarf.test.mts

@@ -34,3 +34,10 @@ test('the spec takes a cited atmosphere class and refuses one no grid tabulates'
   assert.equal(parseStarSpec({ ...star, whiteDwarf: { atmosphere: 'DA', source: 'a paper', url: cited.url } }).whiteDwarf?.atmosphere, 'DA');
   assert.throws(() => parseStarSpec({ ...star, whiteDwarf: { atmosphere: 'DQZ', source: 'a paper', url: cited.url } }), /whiteDwarf\.atmosphere is DA, DB, DBA, not DQZ: no other white-dwarf atmosphere has a limb-darkening grid here/u);
 });
+
+test('the spec takes a planetary nebula\'s central star, past 100,000 K, and refuses a temperature no star has', () => {
+  const cited = { value: 1, source: 'a paper', url: 'https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aa6af8' };
+  const star = { id: 'a-nucleus', name: 'A Nucleus', description: 'A central star.', target: 'A Nucleus', paper: { url: cited.url, credit: 'A paper' }, radius: { ...cited, value: 0.0374 }, mass: 'unmeasured' };
+  assert.equal(parseStarSpec({ ...star, temperature: { ...cited, value: 112200 } }).temperature.value, 112200);
+  assert.throws(() => parseStarSpec({ ...star, temperature: { ...cited, value: 300000 } }), /temperature\.value 300000 is outside 1000 to 250000/u);
+});

packages/telescope-cli/src/new-object/limb.mts

@@ -87,6 +87,8 @@ export interface LimbChoice {
   readonly acquisitions?: readonly Record<string, unknown>[]; readonly inputs?: readonly Record<string, unknown>[]; readonly coefficients?: QuadraticLimbDarkening;
   /** The sentence the dataset qualification, README and NOTICE use. */
   readonly sentence: string; readonly credit?: string; readonly grid?: Grid['key'] | 'howarth' | 'picaso';
+  /** A transcribed row of a model grid, the nearest to a star no grid reaches (star-limb.mts). */
+  readonly nearestModel?: boolean;
 }
 
 // The node range a request names, written as the grid writes its values (the form every existing package restores with).

packages/telescope-cli/src/new-object/spec.mts

@@ -396,7 +396,8 @@ export function parseStarSpec(value: unknown): StarSpec {
     ...(input.order === undefined ? {} : { order: requireFiniteNumber(input.order, at('order')) }), ...(target ? { target } : {}), ...(gaia ? { gaia } : {}),
     paper: { url: requireString(paper.url, at('paper.url')), credit: requireString(paper.credit, at('paper.credit')) },
     radius: citedOrFlame(input.radius, at('radius'), [0.005, 3000]), mass: input.mass === 'unmeasured' ? 'unmeasured' : citedOrFlame(input.mass, at('mass'), [0.01, 300]),
-    temperature: cited(input.temperature, at('temperature'), [1000, 60000]),
+    // The bound refuses a typing slip, not a star: a planetary nebula's central star is past 100,000 K.
+    temperature: cited(input.temperature, at('temperature'), [1000, 250000]),
     ...(input.gravity === undefined ? {} : { gravity: cited(input.gravity, at('gravity'), [-1, 9]) }),
     ...(input.gravityRange === undefined ? {} : { gravityRange: (() => {
       const r = requireRecord(input.gravityRange, at('gravityRange')), min = requireFiniteNumber(r.min, at('gravityRange.min')), max = requireFiniteNumber(r.max, at('gravityRange.max'));

packages/telescope-cli/src/new-object/star-limb.mts

@@ -2,8 +2,9 @@
  *
  * The law comes from the first source that holds the star:
  * 1. a law transcribed from a paper beside the star (`source/photometry/<name>-limb-darkening.json`, cssearth-published-limb-darkening@1,
- *    quadratic or power), a measurement or the model a paper fixed for this star. A power law that follows from sizes a paper
- *    prints, not from an exponent it prints, says how in `derived`, and the star's texts say it in those words;
+ *    quadratic or power), a measurement or the model a paper fixed for this star. A law that is not the paper's own value for
+ *    the star says how it follows in `derived`, and the star's texts say it in those words: a power law from sizes a paper
+ *    prints, or the row of a model grid nearest a star no grid reaches (a white dwarf past the grid's hottest model);
  * 2. the model grids of limb.mts, at the star's temperature and gravity (and mass, for spherical models). The gravity is the star's
  *    mass and radius in its astronomy record, else a published spectroscopic value (gravity.mts), searched at the star's J2000
  *    position: the record's, carried back from its own epoch by its proper motion.
@@ -73,10 +74,12 @@ async function publishedLaw(root: string, id: string): Promise<LimbChoice | null
     // A law fitted in this package to a pinned input says so, and names the tool that refits it; any other record is a paper's.
     const terms = coefficients.law === 'power' ? `power law I(mu) = mu^${coefficients.alpha}` : `quadratic law (u1 ${coefficients.u1}, u2 ${coefficients.u2})`;
     const law = fit ? `the ${terms} fitted in this package to ${fit.data} (${record.band})`
-      : coefficients.law === 'power' && record.derived !== undefined ? `the ${terms} ${requireString(record.derived, 'derived')} (${record.band})`
+      : record.derived !== undefined ? `the ${terms} ${requireString(record.derived, 'derived')} (${record.band})`
       : coefficients.law === 'power' ? `the ${terms} that ${credit} fit to the star's resolved disc (${record.band})`
       : `the ${terms} ${credit} ${record.basis === 'model-prior' ? 'fixed from model atmospheres for this star' : 'fit to this star'} (${record.band})`;
-    return { limbDarkening: { law: record.law === 'power' ? 'power' : 'quadratic', published: true, path }, sentence: `dimmed toward the limb by ${law}`, credit: `Limb darkening: ${credit}.`,
+    // A row of a model grid chosen for the star, not a paper's own value for it: the nearest tabulated model.
+    const nearestModel = record.derived !== undefined && record.basis === 'model-prior';
+    return { limbDarkening: { law: record.law === 'power' ? 'power' : 'quadratic', published: true, path }, sentence: `dimmed toward the limb by ${law}`, credit: `Limb darkening: ${credit}.`, ...(nearestModel ? { nearestModel } : {}),
       inputs: [{ id: `${id}-${name.replace(/\.json$/u, '')}`, path, origin: url, credit, license: 'Factual numerical measurements; source attribution retained',
         acquisition: fit ? `Fitted by ${fit.tool} to ${fit.input}` : 'Transcribed from the paper, each value with its quoted cell', redistribution: fit ? 'A fitted parameter with its method; no paper figures' : 'Factual parameter transcription only; no paper figures', consumers: ['assets', 'datasets'],
         sourceBinding: { kind: 'local', reason: fit ? 'Limb-darkening law fitted in this package, with the refit that checks it; repinned when edited.' : 'Published limb-darkening law transcribed with its cells; repinned when edited.' } }] };
@@ -202,7 +205,8 @@ export async function starLimb(root: string, ids: readonly string[], { archive =
     if (respec) files.set(`${o}/${STORED_SPEC}`, respec);
     if (cited) files.set(`${o}/README.md`, String(files.get(`${o}/README.md`) ?? '').replace(STAR_GRAVITY, (_all, before: string) => `${before} log g ${cited.logg} from ${cited.source}.`));
     files.set(`${o}/README.md`, readmeWithLimb(String(files.get(`${o}/README.md`) ?? ''), `**Limb.** The disc is ${limb.sentence}.${readAt}`,
-      measured ? '- **Measured limb, other band.** The law was measured or fixed outside the visible band the color is drawn in; the visible limb is not measured.' : `- **Model limb.** The limb darkening is a model atmosphere at the star's temperature and ${gravity?.kind === 'bounded' ? 'a display gravity' : 'gravity'}, not a measurement of this star.`));
+      limb.nearestModel ? '- **Model limb.** The limb darkening is the nearest tabulated model atmosphere\'s, not a measurement of this star.'
+        : measured ? '- **Measured limb, other band.** The law was measured or fixed outside the visible band the color is drawn in; the visible limb is not measured.' : `- **Model limb.** The limb darkening is a model atmosphere at the star's temperature and ${gravity?.kind === 'bounded' ? 'a display gravity' : 'gravity'}, not a measurement of this star.`));
     // The gravity on record is the one a grid law was read at. A published law is read at none, so the star's cited gravity stays.
     if (gravity && limb.grid && measurements.surfaceGravityLogg !== gravity.logg && gravity.kind !== 'bounded') { measurements.surfaceGravityLogg = gravity.logg; measurements.surfaceGravitySource = `${gravity.sentence}${gravity.url ? ` (${gravity.url})` : ''}`; files.set(`${s}/measurements.json`, json(measurements)); }
     const ledgerPath = `${o}/investigations.json`, ledger = files.has(ledgerPath) ? read(ledgerPath) : { schema: INVESTIGATION_LEDGER_SCHEMA, objectId: id, entries: [] };